anatomy and physiology - Details

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FSH, Oestrogen and LH

What are the hormones of the female reproductive system

Fsh- follicle stimulating hormone. matures follicle to release eggs in ovaries Oestrogen- import of fertility, maintaining easy foetus LH- Lutenising hormone- triggers ovulation

What are the function of FSH, oestrogen and LH

FSH is released stimulating the ovaries to mature 1 egg, the follicles release the oestrogen. Oestrogen makes the womb lining thicker with nutrients and blood Oestrogen also stimulates the production of cervical mucus Eventually the rise in oestrogen will result in and LH surge This releases the ovum from the ovary LH moves along the fallopian tube, towards the womb

Explain the menstrual cycle

The development of sperm cells Process occurs from puberty onwards germ cells develop into spermatocytes spermatocytes develop into spermatozoa

What is spermatogenesis for males

It connects the testes with the urethra

What is the vas defence

2 structures called corpasa cavernasa run along either side of the penis, these structures are the erectile tissue There are two arteries that run through the corpasa converasa During arousal these arteries become engaged with blood creating an erection

Explain erection

The hypothalamus release gonodotrophin releasing hormone This stimulates the pituitary gland to release: LH- acts on testes to make testosterone FSH- acts on testes to make sperm

Explain the male hormones

Needed for sperm production linked to aggression and dominance linked to muscle mass and strength, bone density and metabolism

Testosterone

Produce and store eggs produce sex hormones transport ova to site of fertilisation menstruation location

Functions of female reproductive system

Signals the end of female fertility between 45-55 years Shrinkage of breasts irritability and mood changes

The menopause

Cough reflex sneezing nasal hairs

Ways the respiratory system prevents dust and particles entering the lungs

Mouth nose pharynx (throat) larynx

What is included in the upper airway of the respiratory system

Nose- lines with hairs and mucous membranes warms, moisturisers and filters air mouth- secondary entry point for air. air enters the body quicker,but it is not filtered or warmed to some extent Pharynx- connects nasal cavity, oral cavity and oesophagus larynx- cartilage, voice box

Explain the upper airway system

Separates the trachea and the oesophagus prevents food going down the wrong pipe

Epiglottis

Trachea- C shaped rings of cartilage, connects larynx and thorax bronchi- left and right. carries air into the lungs. forms many branches bronchioles- tiny branches of the bronchi. made of smooth muscle alveoli- tiny sacs. found at the end of each bronchiole surrounded by capillaries, where gas exchange takes place

What's includes in lower area of the respiratory system and explain them

Found in chest cavity passes into lungs from trachea which splits into 2 bronchi, one at each lung each bronchus then splits into smaller tubes called bronchioles these bronchioles terminate in tiny air sacs called alveoli

Structure of the lungs

Digestion occurs in the alimentary canal, which stretches from mouth to anus in addition to chewing, food is broken down by the digestive enzyme malaise,which is present in saliva amylase promotes the breakdown of starch to maltrose saliva also contains mucus which keep the food moist- allowing the food to me swallowed more easily

The alimentary canal- the mouth

Pharynx- at the back of the mouth, blouses of food pass through this structure from the mouth to the oesophagus oesophagus- muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, at the end of the oesophagus is the oesophageal spinster that closes, trapping food in the stomach stomach- muscular sac about the size os 2 fists. storage for food

The upper alimentary canal/ Gastrointestinal tract

After swallowing, the food is moved to the stomach by peristalsis. which takes place in the alimentary canal muscles of the oesophagus contract behind the food (bolus) whistle the mucles infront relax this allows food to be pushed along the oesophagus in a wave like motion

Oesophagus and peristalisis

Longitudinal circular

What does the stomach wall contain

Stomach contains them

Gastric glands

Produces bile helps breakdown fat

Liver

After bile leaves the lungs the gall bladder stores it before the release of bile into small intestine

Gall bladder

Produces: pancreatic amalase trypsin lipase

Pancrease

Stomach leads directly into small intestine via a spincher that allows small amounts of food to pass made up of three sections duodenum jejunum illeum

Small intestine

Duodenum- first and shortest part. receives partially digested food from the stomach, chemicals secreted by the pancrease, liver and gall bladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to faciliate the chemical digestion Jejunum- middle section. most nutrients in the chyme are absorbed here lluem- last section. absorbs products of digestion that have not previously been absorbed; connects to large intestine

Explain the sections of the small intestine

Long and folded- increases the surface area for absorption folds are made up of villi the lining (epithelium) covering each villus is one cell thick, allowing nutrients to pass through by diffusion each villi has a blood capillary in the centre, allowing absorbed molecules to be transported. also has a lacteal in centre

Structure and role of small intestine

Caecum- beginning of the large intestine, pouch containing bacteria that assists with formation of faeces asending codon - carries faeces upwards along large intestine transverse codon- across desending codon- down

Large inestine

Rectrum- final portion of the gi tract, connects colon to anus, stored faeces until it is eliminated anus- ring of muscle containing 2 spinichters, the open to allow defeaceation

Lower tract

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