Athletic Training
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| MOI | Mechanism of injury |
| 6 types of closed fractures | 1. Greenstick: complete breaks in bone, "bending", normally in kids 2. Comminuted: compressive force, 3 or more fragments 3. Transverse: sheer force, straight line 4. Linear: compressive force, bone splits along the length 5. Oblique: torsion, through the bone, one end received sudden twisting and the other end is stable 6. Spiral: wrap around the bone, s shaped separation, plating and rotating |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteoblasts | Bone forming cells |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteitis Pubis | Chronic inflammatory condition by the pull of muscles in pubic symphysis area |
| Osteclasts | Cells that absolve or remove osseous tissue |
| Casting time | Long bones: 6 weeks small bones: 3-4 weeks |
| Dislocation vs Subluxation | Dislocation: bone is forced out of alignment and stays out Subluxation: bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place |
| Ligaments | Bone to bone |
| Tendons | Muscle to bone |
| Sprain | Injury to ligament or joint capsule that connects bone to bone |
| Grades of Sprain/Strain | 1: stretching and separation of ligamentous fivers, minimal instability and swelling, moderate pain 2: Some tearing and separation of the ligament fibers, moderate instability, moderate to severe pain 3: total tearing of ligaments, high instability, severe swelling and pain, may need surgery to reconstruct |
| Myositis Ossifiicans | Calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma |
| Hematoma | Collection of blood in the tissues outside the blood vessels |
| Strain | Stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon |
| Muscle Cramps | Involuntary muscle contraction |
| Muscle Guarding | Muscle contraction in response to pain |
| Muscle soreness | Pain caused by overexertion in exercise (DOMS) |
| Trigger point | Area of tenderness in a tight band of muslce |
| Neuritis | Chronic nerve irritation |
| Crepitus | Crackling feel or sound |
| Signs of Inflammation | Pain Warmth Swelling Loss of function Redness |
| Tendinosis | Failed healing of tendon |
| Tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon |
| Tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath |
| Bursae | Pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid |
| Osteoarthritis | Wearing down of hyaline cartilage |
| Phases of the healing process | 1. Inflammatory response phase (stop, drain, and clean up the water) 2-4 days 2. Fibroblastic repair phase (patch up the area) 4-6 days 3. Maturation-remodeling phase (clean it up so it can function properly) 3 weeks-3 years |
| Bones of foot | Total: 26 bones- 7 Tarsals- 5 metatarsals- 14 phalangeal |
| Arches of foot | Medial longitudinal Lateral longitudinal Metatarsal Transverse |
| Foot adduction and supination muscles (5) | Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus |
| Foot abduction and pronations (4) | Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Fibularis tertius Extensor digitorum longus |
| Toe Flexion (7) | Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis brevis Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digiti minimi brevis Quadratus plantae Lumbricals |
| Toe extension (3) | Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus |
| Toe abduction (3) | Abductor hallucis Dorsal interrosi Abductor digiti minimi |
| Toe adduction (2) | Adduction hallucis Plantar interossi |
| Retrocalcaneal bursitis (Pump bump) | Irritation on back of heal (where adidas pro shoes rub) |
| Plantar fasciitis | Many MOI so it's hard to figure out the cause, takes time to heal |
| Jones fracture | 5th metatarsal, normally from plant and twist or consequence of stress fracture |
| Pes planes vs Pes cavus | Pes planes: low arch (plains are flat) Pes cavus: high arch (caves are round) |
| Hallux valgus deformity (Bunions) | Growth/calcification on side of big toe |
| Bunnionette | Growth/calcification on side of pinky toe |
| Mortons Neuroma | Mass in plantar nerves. Commonly between third and fourth metatarsal heads |
| Turf Toe | Hyperextension of big toe or sprain of metatarsal phalangeal joint |
| Blisters | Caused because of friction. If it's going to pop on its own its better to intentionally pop it in sterile conditions. If it's not going to pop on its own its better to leave it alone. |
| Corns | Normally between fourth and fifth toe. Kinda like a blister, thick, white, macerated skin with black dot in the center. |
| Care for ingrown toenail | 1. soak in hot water for 20 min 2-3xday 2. when nail is soft use forceps to put cotton under the edge of the nail Tip: cut a "v" in middle of toenail |
| Care for Subungal hematoma (blood under the toenail) | 1. apply ice pack and elevate foot 2. drill small hole into the nail bed |
| Ankle joint is composed of.... | Tibia Fibula Talus |
| 4 compartments | Anterior Superficial posterior Deep posterior Lateral |
| Ankle Dorsiflexion | Extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus tibialis anterior (primary dorsiflexor) |
| Ankle plantar flexion | Soleus gastrocnemius |
| Ankle inversion | Components of deep posterior compartment - tibialis posterior - flexor digitorum longus - flexor hallucis longus |
| Ankle eversion | Components of lateral compartment - fibularis longus - fibularis brevis - tibialis anterior |
| Bump test | Gentle blow applied upwards on the bottom of the heel. + test: pain, path: fx |
| Anterior drawer test (ankle) | Grab lower tibia in one hand and the calcaneus in the other. looking for how much it moves compared to other ankle. + test: laxity Path: ATF (anterior talofibular)/CF (calcaneofibular) |
| Talar tilt | Move to inversion + test: laxity Path: caneofibular and possible anterior/posterior talofibualr ligaments. |
| Ankle sprain | Stretching/tearing of ligaments. Lateral side is more common |
| Thompson test | Squeeze the calf muscle + test: if foot doesn't moves path: Achilles tendon rupture |
| MTSS - Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints) | Anterior lower-leg pain |
| Compartment syndromes | Increased pressure in one of the four compartments 1. acute: practice POLIE (no compression) can be considered a medical emergency 2. acute exertional: increase in pressure within a closed fascial space. 3. chronic: commonly while running or jumping. |
| ACL | Prevent excessive anterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur |
| PCL | Prevent excessive posterior translation of the tibia in relation to the femur |
| MCL | Stabilize against side to side forces (valgus forces) |
| LCL | Stabilize against side to side forces (varus forces) |
| Meniscus | Shock absolutions and stabilization |
| Valgus/varus stress test | + test: laxity Path: MCL/LCL athlete lies supine with leg extended. valgus/varus stress with knee fully extended and at 30 degrees of flexion. |
| Lachman's Test | + test: laxity path: ACL |
| Anterior/Posterior drawer test (knee) | + test: laxity path: ACL/PCL |
| Apley's Compression test | + test: pain path: Meniscus |
| Knee Plica | Thickened fold of synovial membrane lining the inside of the joint capsule symptoms may be similar to torn meniscus |
| Common causes of ACL | Plant and twist: rotation quads pull more than hamstrigs tibia comes forward MOST COMMON INJURY OF KNEE |
| Illiotibial band friction syndrome (Runners knee) | Overuse condition. Irritation over lateral femoral condyle or at the bands incertion on lateral side of knee. |
| Patellar Tendinopathy (jumpers knee) | Jumping, landing, kicking, or running may place tension on the knee extensor muscle complex. May begin inflammatory process leading to tendon degeneration or tendinosis. |
| Chondromalacia patella | Softening and deterioration of the articular cartilage on the posterior surface of the patella |
| Osgood-Schlatter Disease | Repeated pull of the patellar tendon at the tibial tubercle on the from to the tibia. May result in enlarged tibial tubercle. |
| Hip flexion (4) | Rectus femoris Sartorius Iilacus Psoas |
| Hip extension (5) | Hamstrings Bicep femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosis Gluteus maximus |
| Hip abduction (2) | Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae |
| Hip adduction (5) | Gracilis Pectineius Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis |
| Hip medial rotation (1) | Gluteus minimus |
| Hip lateral rotation (6) | Piriformis Superior gemellus Inferior gemellus Obturator internus Obturator externus Quadratus femoris |
| Thomas test | + test: straight leg comes off the table, path: tight hips flexors |
| Straight leg raise test | + test: leg can't be flexed 90, path: hip extensors |
| Mytositis Ossificans | Sever blow or repeated blows to thigh, can cause ectopic bone formation within the muscle. |
| Avascular Necrosis | Tissue death caused by lack of circulation. Can occur from dislocated hip. |
| Hip labral tear | Most often result form repetitive movements such as running or piloting of the hip that causes degeneration and breakdown of labrum. Can cause catching, locking, or clicking sensations in hip joint. |
| Piriformis syndrome | Tight piriformis can be confused for sciatica |