biologhy
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186 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Define movement | Causes change in postion or place |
| Define respiration | Chemical reactions in cells, nutrient molecules broken down and energy released from metabolsim |
| Define sensitivty | Detecting and responding to changes in environment |
| Define growth | Permanent increase in size |
| Define reproduction | Processes that make more of the same kind of orgasnsim |
| Define excretion | Removal from orgransims of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirments |
| Define nutrition | Taking in materials for energy, growth and development |
| What does the cell wall do | Protects and support the cell made out of cellulose |
| Organelles in plant and animal cell | Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus |
| Organelles in plant cells only | Chloroplast, vacuole and cell wall |
| What does the nucleus do | Controls activities of the cell |
| What does the cell membrane do | Controls entry and exit of substances into the cell |
| What does the cytoplasm do | Where the chemical reactions take place |
| What does the mitchondria do | Where aerobic respiration takes place - release energy |
| What does the ribosomes do | Protein synthesis |
| What does the vacuole do | Filled with cell sap contains dissolved sugars and mineral ions |
| What does the chloroplasts do | Carry out photosynthesis |
| What does the cell wall do | Protects and support the cell made out of cellulose |
| What does the RBC do? | Transports oxygen, contrains haemoglobin |
| How is the RBC specialised | Biconcave shape to increase the surface area to volume ratio, no nucleus to allow more haemoglobin |
| What do the ciliated cells contain | Cilia (small hairs), sweep mucus into the mouth where it is swallowed |
| What does the sperm cells do | Fuses with egg cells (fertilisation) and the zygote is produced |
| How to the sperm cell specialised | Flagellum enables it to swim, contains many mitochondria which release energy to power long journey, the head contains acrosomes which contain enzymes which break down the outer layers of the egg. |
| How is the ovum specialised | Jelly coat outer layerr of egg changes once penetrated by sperm |
| How is the root hair cell specialised | Has root hair, increased surface area for aborbsion of water and mineral ions, water absorbed by osmosis |
| Palisade mesophyll cell, how is it specialised? | Contain lots of chloroplasts which absorb light in photosynthesis anbd make sugar, they are densely packed to maximise absorbstion of light |
| What is diffusion | Net movement of particles from a high concetration to low concentration |
| Why is diffusion important? | Oxygen entering the lungs, glucose and amino acids pass from gut to blood, plants absorb co2 in to leaves |
| How can we increase diffusion | Large surface area, high temprature, concentraion gradient kept high |
| What is osmosis | Net movment of water from high water potential to low water potential across a partially permeable membrane |
| How does osmosis affect plant cells and animal cells differently | Plant cells not permanently damaged, cell walls give plant cell support, animal cells are permanently damaged, aniaml cells shrink with water loss and burst if swell too much |
| What do carbs contain | Hydrogen, oxygen |
| What deos protein contain | Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur |
| What is a protein | Long chains of amino acids whose order has been determined by genes |
| What do fats contain | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| Strucutre of lipid | 3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol molecule |
| Test for glucose | Benedicts solution, turns brick red if positive |
| Test for fat | Ethanol and water, positive result: milky white emulsion |
| What is an enzyme | A biological catalyst, speeds up rate of reaction without being used up |
| At low temp.... | Enzymes and substrates have little kinetic energy |
| At optimum temp.... | Enzyme and substrates have more kinetic energy |
| At very high temp.... | Enzyme is denatured, active site changes shape |
| Limiting factors of photosynthersis | Temprature, carbon dioxide and light |
| Leaf adaptations | Large surface area, thin surface, flat surface |
| Job of waxy cuticle | Prevents transpiration |
| What is tranpiration | Loss of water vapour from the leaf |
| Job of upper epidermis | Transparent to allow light to enter leaf |
| Job of palisade mesophyll | Contains lots of chloroplasts which absorb light in photosynthesis |
| Job of spongy mesophyll | Air spaces allow gases to diffuse |
| Job of xyelm | Brings water to the leaf, provide support |
| Job of phloem | Transports sugar away from leaf |
| Job of guard cell | Control openign and closing of stomata |
| Job of stomata | Allows c02 into the leaf and oxygen out |
| What is a balanced diet | Contains all the nutrients required in the correct proportians to carry out life processes |
| Balanced diet contains... | Carbs, fats, proteins, vitimins, minerals, fibre and water |
| What is protein important for | Growth and repair of muscles |
| What is fats used for | Concentrated source of energy, used in insulation |
| Why is vitimin c important | Stick cells together in mouth, will get scurvy if no vitimin c |
| Why is vitimin d important | For strong bones, manufactured by the sun on skin, rickets if not enough vitimin d |
| Why is iron important | Manafucting of haemoglobin found in red blood cells, anaemia for lack of iron |
| Why is calcium important | Needed for strong bones and teeth, also lead to rickets for lack of calciium |
| Why is water important | Supports chemical reactions which occur in our cells |
| What is digestion | Breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones |
| Where is amalayse produced | Salivary glands, small intestine and pancreas |
| What does amalyse do | Breakdown of starch into maltose, secreted into the alimentary canal |
| What does protease do | Breakdwon of protein into amino acids |
| Where is protein made | Small intestine, stomach and pancreas |
| What does lipase do | Digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol |
| Where is lipase produced | Small intestine, pancreas |
| Incisors (front teeth) | Slice and cut food |
| Canines | Grips food and holds in place |
| Premolars | Crush and chew food |
| Molars | Grinding surface |
| What does the root do | Embedded in the gumto anchor tooth in mouth |
| What does the enamel do | Hardest substances made by animals. covers the tooth and provides a tought surface for biting and chewing |
| Dentine | Bone liek structure under the enamel. contains cytoplasm and tubes running through the pulp cavity outwards which are filled with blood vessels and nerves |
| Pulp cavity | Hollow middle of the tooth, contains nerves and blood vessels which supply the cytoplasm with food and oxygen |
| Cement | Covers the root of tooth |
| What causes tooth decay | Bacteria stick to teeth and produce plaque, bacteria respire and produce an acid which decay the enamel and dentine on teeth. |
| What does the HCL do? | Breaks down the food, kills pathogens |
| Where is bile MADE | The LIVER |
| Where is the bile STORED | In the GALL BLADDER |
| Where is bile RELEASED into | The small intestine |
| What does bile do | Emulsifies fats, so it creates a larger surface area, so lipase can work easier to fat molecules |
| What else does bile do | Neutralises hcl |
| What does the vili do in the small intestine | Provide a large surface area for absorbition, also maximised by the presence of microvili |
| Speciliastion of small intensitenone | Short diffuse distance, plenty supply of blood capilliries, presence of lacteals (for fat absorbiton) |
| What does goblet cells do | Produce mucus which protects the lining of the small intestine |
| Large intestine | Water is reabsorbed |
| What is egestion | Removal of faeces from the anus |
| What is excretion | Removal of waste products of metabolsm |
| What is metabolism | Rate of which chemical reactions take place |
| In the root | Here |
| In the stem | Here |
| What does phloem transport | Glucose, to store as starch in storage region |
| What does xylem transport | Water and mineral |
| What does pulmonary do | Blood flowing to or from the LUNGS |