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Biological process where photoautotrophs capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy

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Photosynthesis

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Biology U3 - Photosynthesis - Details

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Biological process where photoautotrophs capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water

Photosynthesis word equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Photosynthesis chemical equation (simplified)

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Photosynthesis chemical equation

Membrane bound organelles found in plant and algal cells (never in prokaryotes) that contain chlorophyll, have their own DNA and reproduce and grow independently

Chloroplasts

Green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy

Chlorophyll

Fluid substance in a chloroplast with the appropriate enzymes and pH for the light independent stage of photosynthesis

Stroma

Flattened sac-like structure made up of chlorophyll-containing membrane.

Thylakoid

Stack of thylakoids (increases SA:V)

Granum

Evidence of endosymbiosis

Chrloroplasts' double membrane

Light energises the chlorophyll which pumps hydrogen and splits water, with the oxygen being released. NADPH and ATP generated for the following stage. Occurs in the thylakoid membranes/grana.

Light dependent stage

ATP and NADPH are used as coenzymes so that the Calvin cycle can form glucose from the carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Occurs in the stroma.

Light independent stage (aka. carbon reduction)

A large enzyme (16 polypeptide chains) that is abundant in leaves and has many active sites to assist the fixing of CO2 to a 5C compound (ribulose bisphosphate), thereby initiating the Calvin cycle. It controls the light independent stage.

Rubisco

The process responsible for tranforming carbon dioxide and hydrogen into glucose. Must turn twice for one glucose.

Calvin cycle

Wasteful process that occurs when oxygen binds to rubisco instead of carbon dioxide, prohibiting photosynthesis and limiting plant growth and survival. It can occur at high temperatures, or when the concentration of oxygen is greater than that of carbon dioxide.

Photorespiration

85% of plants, with no adaptations to limit photorespiration. All of photosynthesis occurs within one mesophyll cell. Usually in moderate or cool and wet habitats. E.g. trees, cereal grains.

C3 plants

Plants found in hot and sunny habitats, that have a light dependent stage identical to C3 plants, but have a light independent stage split up over two different cells. They use more energy to initially form a 4C compund in a mesophyll cell, but the rest of the Calvin cycle occurs in a bundle-sheath cell, where there is always a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than oxygen. E.g. corn, sugarcane.

C4 plants

Found in very hot and dry habitats, these plants split there light independent stage of photosynthesis between night and day. CO2 is taken up during the night when stomata are open, and stored as a 4C compound in a vacuole, until daytime, when the stomata close and CO2 is formed again to be used in photosynthesis. E.g. cacti, orchids.

CAM plants

Increase in light availability, optimal temperature and pH, high carbon dioxide concentration, low inhibitor concentration.

Causes of increasing photosynthetic rate

Decrease in light availability, too high or too low of a temperature and pH, low carbon dioxide concentration, high inhibitor concentration, water stess (e.g. drought).

Causes of decreasing photosynthetic rate

Introduce C4/CAM mechanisms into C3 plants (e.g. prioritise photosynthesis) and disease/chemical resistance (e.g. immunity against viruses, pesticide resistance), and improve physical tolerances (e.g. against frost, drought) and products (e.g. long shelf life)

Agricultural applications of CRISPR-Cas9