Biological molecules
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Biological molecules - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| What elements does an amino acid contain? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and some sulfur. |
| What are amino acids attached by? | Peptide bonds |
| Primary structure | The order in which amino acids are arranged in a protein |
| Secondary structure | Chains of amino acids coil up and fold into pleats that are held together by hydrogen bonds. Coil and pleats are the secondary structure. |
| Tertiary structure | Coiled chains of amino acids fold into a ball thats held together by weak bonds (hydrogen) and strong bonds (disulfide bonds) |
| Globular protein | Protein that has a roughly spherical shape. |
| What elements do carbohydrates contain? | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| Monosaccharides | Single units from which all the other carbohydrates are built (eg glucose and fructose) |
| Alpha glucose | H OH |
| Beta glucose | OH H |
| Disaccharides | When two monosaccharides are joined together in a condensation reaction (eg. maltose and sucrose) |
| Polysaccharides | Polymers made up of monosaccharides |
| Starch | Molecules made up of two polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin (polymers of glucose) |
| Cellulose | Polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules. Cellulose molecules are long and straight. Several cellulose molecules can lie side by side to from microfibrils. Microfibrils strengthen the plant cell wall. |
| Glucose + glucose = | Maltose |
| Glucose + fructose = | Sucrose |
| Triglyceride | Make up plant oils and animal fats. consists of a molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached to it. |
| Saturated fatty acid | Where every carbon atom is joined via a single bond |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Where one or more of the bonds is a double bond |
| Polyunsaturated | Fatty acid with many double bonds |
| Phospholipid | A molecule of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group. cell membranes are made from a double layer of phospholipids. |
| Metabolism | Sum of biochemical reactions taking place in a cell. |
| Metabolic pathway | A single chain of biochemical reactions in a cell. |
| Enzymes | Acts as a catalyst to speed up metabolic reactions. globular proteins involved in breaking down and building up molecules. |
| Effect of high temperature on enzymes | Atoms of the enzyme molecule vibrate more rapidly and break the weak bonds that hold the tertiary structure together. enzyme denatured. |