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Types as to Axis Stabilization that use angular momentum of its spinning body to provide roll and yaw stabilization.

Spinners

Types as to Axis Stabilization that use angular momentum of its spinning body to provide roll and yaw stabilization.

Spinners

Refers to the satellite orientation with respect to the earth.

Satellite Altitude

In this orbit, the altitude of the satellite is constant and equal to several hundreds of kilometers

Circular Inclined Orbit (Polar Orbit)

A spacecraft placed in orbit around the earth which carries on board microwave receiving and transmitting equipment (repeater)

Satellite

Year that moon was the first passive satellite used

1940’s – 1950’s

Year that the U.S. Navy conducted the Earth Moon Earth

1954

Year that Russia launched the SPUTNIK 1 the first active satellite

1957

Transmitted telemetry information for nearly 5 months

Explorer I

Year that Score - with on-board tape recording, the first artificial satellite used for relaying terrestrial communications

19 58

- accomplish the first transatlantic transmission

Echo

- the first transponder type satellite lasted only 417 days

Courier

The first active satellite

Sputnik 1

The first active satellite to simultaneously receive and transmit radio signals

Telstar I

- was electronically identical to Telstar I, except it was more radiation resistant

Telstar II

Was the first attempt to place geosynchronous satellite into orbit but was lost during orbit injection

Syncom I

- used to broadcast the 1964 Olympic Games from Tokyo

Syncom III

First commercial telecommunications satellite

Intelsat I (Early Bird)

First domestic satellite by the Soviet Union

Molniya

Must accelerate to at least 25,039 mph (40,320 kph) to completely escape Earth's gravity and fly off into space.

A rocket

Is the velocity needed to achieve balance between gravity's pull on the satellite and the inertia of the satellite's motion. -- the satellite's tendency to keep going.

Orbital velocity

Is the external force required to make a body follow a circular path at constant speed.

The centripetal force

(from Latin centrum "centre" and fugere "to flee") is a term which may refer to two different forces which are related to rotation.

Entrifugal force

A communication path formed between two or more ground stations transmitting and receiving radio communications traffic via a satellite.

Satellite Link

Refers to the satellite orientation with respect to the earth.

Satellite Altitude

The path of a celestial body or satellite in “unpowered flight”

Orbit

Point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from South to North

Ascending node

Point where the orbit crosses the equatorial plane going from North to South.

Descending Node

The highest point of the orbit or it is the point in an earth satellite orbit, which is farthest away from earth

Apogee

The point in an earth satellite orbit, which is closest in the earth

Perigee

A number between zero and one which describe the shape of an ellipse. A circle has an eccentricity of zero

Eccentricity

The angle between the line that passes through the center of the earth and the north pole and a line that passes through the center of the earth but which is also perpendicular to the orbital plane.

Angle of Inclination

Angle that appears between the line from the earth’s station antenna to the satellite.

Angle of elevation

Angle measured clockwise with respect to north

Azimuth

The measure of the portion of the earth's surface visible to the satellite

Coverage angle

Satellite will orbit a primary body following an elliptical path.

First Law

The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the foci.

Kepler's first law

(Law of Areas) Equal intervals of time a satellite will sweep out equal areas in the orbital plane, focused at the barycenter.

Second Law:

Covers approximately one-third of earth's

Earth Coverage

Covers up to 20% of the earth’s surface.

Hemispherical coverage

– beams concentrate the radiated power in a very small geographic area

Spot Coverage

Covers less than one-third of earth’s surface

Zonal Coverage

A geographic representation of a satellite’s radiation pattern, with contour lines representing limits of equal receive power density.

Satellite Footprint

The use of the same frequency beamed towards different geographic areas on earth multiple spot beam antennas.

Multiple Coverage Areas

– sending different information signals using vertical or horizontal electromagnetic polarization. This is similar to Polarization Diversity in order to improve system stability

Dual polarization

Use angular momentum of its spinning body to provide roll and yaw stabilization

Spinners

Body remains fixed relative to earth’s surface while an internal subsystem provides roll and yaw stabilization

3-axis Stabilizers

Types of Satellite Transmissions: actual information conveyed through the system

Payload

Types of Satellite Transmissions: includes control mechanisms that support the payload operation.

Bus Transmission

Types as to functions; a communications satellite not equipped with electronic devices to retransmit communications. Such satellite act as a reflector of radio waves.

Passive Satellite

Types as to functions; a satellite equipped with electronic devices to receive, amplify, convert and retransmit signals.

Active Satellite

Types as to Axis Stabilization that use angular momentum of its spinning body to provide roll and yaw stabilization.

Spinners

Any other orbit not classified as polar or equatorial used where communications is desired to regions of high latitude

Elliptical Inclined-Orbiting Satellite

A type of orbit taken by a nonsynchronous satellite that is orbiting in the same direction as the earth’s rotation

Prograde or Posigrade Orbit

A type of orbit taken by a nonsynchronous satellite that is orbiting in the opposite direction as the earth’s rotation

Retrograde Orbit

This orbit is particularly stable with respect to irregularities inn terrestrial gravitational potential.

Elliptical Orbit

In this orbit, the altitude of the satellite is constant and equal to several hundreds of kilometers

Circular Inclined Orbit (Polar Orbit)

Circular Orbit with Zero Inclination (Equatorial Orbit)

Covers links between satellites and earth fixed stations.

Fixed Satellite Service (FSS)

Covers satellite links stations that maybe in motion.

Mobile Satellite Service

Include TV (DBS-TV) and audio (DBSA)

Broadcast Service

Provide satellite services within a single country.

National / Domestic Satellite (DomSat)

Provides services confined to specific regions only.

Regional Satellite

Provides services globally.

Global Satellite

The satellite rotates in an orbit above the equator

Circular Equatorial-Orbiting Satellite

Rotates in an orbit that takes over north and south pole. It follows an orbit close to earth and passes over or very close to the poles.

Circular Polar-Orbiting Satellite

Accomplish the first transatlantic transmission

Echo

Year that AT & T launched the TELSTAR 1 the first duplex satellite transmission

1962

Year that AT & T launched TELSTAR H for telephone, TV, fax and data transmission

1963

COMSAT launched the EARLY BIRD( first commercial operational synchronous comm. Sat) which transmitted messages to five earth stations with 66 telephone circuits using EDM techniques

1965

Year that The National Development Company and POTC established the DOMSAT ushering satellite technology to the Philippines

1966

Year that PHILCOMSAT; Philippines, installed the first earth station at the foot of Sierra Madre Mountains, Mount Pinugay, Baras, Rizal

1967

Year that Western Union launched the WESTAR for TV and data transmission

1974

Year that Indonesia launched its first satellite; PALAPA A-1

1976

Year that Thailand launched its first satellite; THAICOM 1.

1993

Year that Mabuhay Philippines Satellite Corporation launched AGUILLA II; the first Philippine Satellite

1997

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