Commodity Market, labour market, currency market, share market, livestock market, financial market, black market, education market, property market...

Black Market

The selling and purchasing of illegal products. eg: drugs, weapons, stolen items. Big impact on Australian economy and deprives copyright owners of receiving full return on benefits they provide to users of their products.

The 4 main market structures:

1. Perfect Competition 2. Monopolistic Comptition 3. Monopoly 4. Oligopoly

Why do prices rise in market?

-Demand from consumers increase, but supply does not. -Supply decreases, but demand is the same

Market power

Ability in a market structure to control or manipulate prices or quantities in the market.

Why do prices decrease in a market?

-Supply stays the same, but demand from consumers decreases -supply increases, but the demand from costumers does not change.

Perfect Market

Lots of buyers and sellers. No product differentiation (same). No barriers preventing new businesses from entering OR leaving market. Buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge about the products. eg: Queen Market is a close ex.

Monopolistic Competition

Many sellers and buyers. Brand differentiation is important. Easy to enter market as seller. Buyers have good influence on prices, and good knowledge to make decision. eg: restaurant, clothing, cars

Oligopoly

Only a few sellers. Brand name and advertising is important for differentiation. Can be difficult to enter the market as seller. Buyers have reasonable knowledge. Consumers may not influence prices much. eg: Westpac, Qantas

Monopoly

Only one business in market. No consumer sovereignty (business sets the price). Difficult to enter as a seller. Product Differentiation is irrelevant. eg: Metro, AUS Post Office.

Anti Competition Behaviour

-Price fixing by 2 or more businesses. -Market zones -Exclusive Dealing

Market zones

Where businesses agree with eachother to have only certain areas where they sell.

Problems with Monopoly Market

Seller can set the price. Seller can restrict supply. Businesses don't need to use resources efficiently, can sell for any price. Product may be of poor quality, as there is no competition.

Why is competition good (Perfect/Monopoly)

Businesses need to use resources VERY efficiently, because of competition. Lower prices for consumers. Good quality products. Big range of products for consumers.

Exclusive dealing

Where businesses only buy their products from a certain supplier and disregard other suppliers even if they are cheaper.

Goal of the Economy & Society

Improve living standards of everyone.

Standards of living

-Material: individual access and consumption of goods and services. Can be improved by increasing GDP (total value of final goods and services produced in economy over time.)eg: products. -Non-material: Quality of life: happiness, health, family, freedom, opportunity...etc.

How can living standards and livability be measured?

-Look at Country's GDP (Gross Domestic Product), tells how rich/well off country's economy is. -determining GDP per capita. -Happy Planet Index -Livability Index

Liveability

Range of factors that contribute to community's quality of life. Refers to natural and man-made environments, income, employment, healthcare, education, level of safety/crime.

What is Competitive Advantage?

Anything that gives company attraction of customers over competitors. Businesses must gain competitive advantage to compete with other businesses and survive.

Innovation

Coming up with new ways of doing things. Businesses must innovate to gain competitive advantage. 'Innovation' can be by improving a product/process, OR creating something brand new.

How do businesses have influence over consumer decisions?

Advertising and marketing have incredible power and influence over the decisions that consumers make.

Factors affecting consumer choices

-Psychological -Sociocultural -Government -Economic

Supply

(In market) The amount of the product produced

Psychological Influences

-Perception (eg.positive/favourable perception) -Motives (eg.comfort, health,safety) -Attitude (of customers to product) -Personality (eg. fit, active person buys gym tools)

Demand

(In market) The amount of product consumers want

Sociocultural Influences

-Family & Roles (roles in family) -Peer Groups (their beliefs/attitudes) -Social Class (eg. education,occupation,inncome) -Culture and Subculture

Goods and Services

Involves production of physical and non-physical services (eg.education, haircut, clothes)

Government Influences

Government policies influence level of economic activity and consumer spending habits. eg. laws prohibit false advertising, influences business to run differently. Will protect and adjust consumer spending habit.

Role of Gov- Private Goods & Services

- excludable (reduces/affects availability) and rivalrous(depletable) in consumption. -purchase/consumption reduces availability for other. Consumer can be legally charged if they do not pay. eg.milkshake.

Economic Influences

-Enormous impact on consumers; willingness and ability to spend eg. During economic boom, consumers are willing to spend because of secure job and income. During recession, there is low level of consumer spending.

Role of Gov- Public Goods & Services

-Non-excludable and non-rivalrous (non-depletable) -Person who doesn't pay for good/service cannot be legally stopped. eg: streetpath, prison -Free rider problem. Unfair burden of paying of shared good/service. -Not a lot of profit made.

Role of Gov- Common Access Resources

-Resources that are not owned by anyone. eg: ocean, forest, fishing. -Are non-excludable (non-depletable) and rivalrous in consumption. -Government can exploit resources, reducing enjoyment people have from these resources. -gov't must control proper use of resources.

Definition of marketing (4Ps)

Product (-quality,brand,design) Price (-retail price,discounts, credit terms) Place (-location,delivery,downloads) Promotion (-ads, public relations, emails)