-cubic capacity of a cargo space when the breadth is measured from the inside of the cargo battens (spar ceiling) and the measured depth is from the wood tank top ceiling to the underside of the deck beams. -length is measured from the inside of the fore and aft bulkhead stiffeners

Grain capacity

Cubic capacity of a cargo space when the length, breadth and depth are measured from the inside of the ship’s shell plating, all allowance being made for the volume occupied by frames and beams.

Ballast water

Water with its suspended matter taken on board a ship to control trim, list, draught, stability or stresses of the ship.

Bilge well

A. Either of the rounded areas that form the transition between the bottom and the sides on the exterior of a hull. b. Also, bilges. (in a hull with a double bottom) an enclosed area between frames at each side of the floors, where seepage collects. c. Also called bilge well: a well into which seepage drains to be pumped away

Bulkheads

A steel wall, usually watertight, which divides the inside of a ship into separate sections at the ends of each holds.

Broken stowage

-space between packages which remains unfilled. -percentage that has to be allowed varies with the type of cargo and with the shape of the ship’s hold. -is greatest when large cases are stowed in an end hold or at the turn of a bilge.

Cargo information

Appropriate information relevant to the cargo and its stowage and securing which should specify, in particular, the precautions necessary for the safe carriage of that cargo at sea.

Stowage factor

-volume occupied by unit weight of cargo. -usually expressed as cubic meter per tonne (m³/tonnes) or cubic feet per tonne (ft³/tonne). -it does not take account of any space which may be lost due to broken stowage.

Cargo Securing Manual

-manual that is pertinent to an individual ship. -shows the lashing points in details of the securing of relevant cargoes carried by the vessel. -the securing examples are based on the transverse, longitudinal and vertical forces which may arise during adverse weather conditions at sea.

Cargo plan

-a ship’s plan which shows the distribution of all cargo stowed onboard the vessel for the voyage. -each entry details the quantity, the weight, and the port of discharge. -constructed by the ship’s cargo officer and would effectively show special loads such as heavy lifts, hazardous cargoes, and valuable cargo, in addition to all commodities being shipped.

Cargo ship

Any ship which is not a passenger ship, troop ship, pleasure vessel or fishing boat.

Cargo spaces

The parts of a ship where goods can be carried.

Dangerous goods

A product, substance or organism included by its nature or by the regulations in any of the classes listed in the schedule to the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act, 1992.

Deck

Platform in a ship serving usually as a structural element and forming the floor for its compartments.

Deadweight

The difference in tonnes between the displacement of a ship at the summer load waterline in the water of specific gravity of 1025, and the lightweight of a ship.

Deadweight cargo

-cargo on which freight is usually charged on its weight. -usually less than 1.2m³/tonne (40 ft³/tonne) is likely to be rated as deadweight cargo.

Measurement cargo

-cargo on which freight is usually charged on the volume occupied by the cargo. -usually light and bulky stowing at more than 1.2m³/tonne (40 ft³/tonne) -may also be heavy castings of an awkward shape where a lot of space is occupied.

Deep tank

-extends from the tween decks to the bottom of the hold. -used for containing ballast water or for the carriage of oil (usually vegetable) as cargo -occasionally used for carrying dry cargo.

Draft survey

Means of determining the weight of any materials being loaded into (or discharged from) a vessel.

Dunnage

-rough timber of varying lengths which usually takes the form of short planks or boards. -used in the stowage of cargo for protecting packages from damage. -must be dry and clean and free of infestation

Freight

1. money paid for the safe carriage of cargo. 2. actual goods carried.

Gross tonnage

Measurement of the total internal capacity of the ship.

Hatchway

-a large opening in the deck of a ship through which cargo is loaded and discharged. -protected by vertical plates known as hatch coamings (3-6ft) or guard rails.

Passenger ship

A ship designed to carry more than 12 passengers.

Long tonne

2240 lbs

Short tonne

2000 lbs

Metric tonne

1000 kg

Safe Working Load (SWL)

-acceptable working tonnage used for a weight-bearing item of equipment. -one-sixth the breaking strain (BS)

Paragraph ship

A ship whose gross tonnage is just below a certain figure which, if it had been exceeded, would have entailed more stringent requirements and a higher running cost.

Peak tanks

-tanks in the forward and after ends of a vessel. -used to trim the ship. -their ballast is varied to meet required changes in trim. ex. should the after hold be empty, the vessel would ride so high that the propeller would lie half out of water and lose much of its efficiency

What are the advantages of a crane vs derrick?

1. simple operation 2. less labour intensive 3. clear deck operational views 4. clear deck space of rigging 5. versatility with heavy loads, and not required to de-rig 6. 360° slew and working arc 7. faster operation 8. enclosed cabin

What are the disadvantages of a crane vs derrick?

1. high installation cost 2. increased deck space required 3. complex design 4. specialist maintenance required 5. SWL is less than specialist derrick rigs

Maintenance schedule for cargo handling equipment

1. all grease nipples attended to weekly. 2. inspection of ancillary equipment every 3 months. 3. thorough inspection and stripping of equipment mentioned above every 6 months. 4. lifting appliances should be de-rusted, overhauled, and painted every 12 months. 5. ALL EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE INSPECTED BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER USE.

List the advantages of unitized and pre-slung cargo

1. combines units into one 2. faster handling by forklift and cranes 3. easier to plan the loading 4. easier to secure and discharge = faster operation

Describe the union purchase rig (married falls)

-most common type of rig use on general cargo vessel. -very efficient, this is a rig where a pair of derricks are used in combination -manoeuvring this rig need good coordination, only experienced operators should be used.

List 8 precautions when using a union purchase rig

A)The minimum operating angle of either derrick should be not less than 15° to the horizontal b)The maximum included angle between the cargo runners must not exceed 120° c)The outreach beyond the midship breath of the ship should not be less than 4m. d)Unduly long slings should not be used by stevedores e)The standing guy must be of adequate strength, the deck eye plate where it is secured must be in an appropriate location f)Rigging of derricks to be supervised by a competent person g)Runners should not be permitted to rub against hatch coaming or other structures, fast wear will happen h)Maximum load must not exceed either 1/3 the SWL of the lowest rated derrick in the pair or absolute maximum of 2.5 tonnes.

What are the disadvantages of using union purchase?

-can be used only for light load (1.5 to 2 tons) -the winchmen must be highly skilled and experienced -the derricks cannot be used for «spot loading» -repositioning the derricks is time consuming

What are the advantages of a hallen derrick?

-it is simple compared to a single swing derrick; -1 man operation for slewing topping and hoisting -it can operate with a 15 ° list -it can operate down to 15 ° above the horizontal -slewing angles as much as 80 ° -deck clear of clutter -up to 200T capacity

What are the advantages of a velle derrick?

-great slewing radius -more stable to handle container & heavy lifts -1 man operation -the T bar helps to stabilize the load and prevent them from swinging -less clutter on deck compared to standard derrick -easy to operate -SWL between 25 & 100T

Jib head

Jib head sheaves

Luffing sheaves

Main chords of jib

Cargo hoist wire rope

Transverses of cross-members of jib

Luffing ropes

Hook block

Slew column head sheaves

Jib stop

Hook

Slewing column, upper post or housing

Machinery deck

Jib heel

Jib heel pin

Slew ring bearing

Slew ring bolts

Pedestal

What is an endless sling? What are the different types listed in the picture below?

A. splicing the ends of a piece of wire or fiber rope b. 1. choker hitch 2. basket hitch 3.endless chain sling

What type of slings are these?

Single slings; typically used for lighter loads if made of fiber rope, or a variety of uses if made of wire. This includes hoisting drafts of lumber, dunnage, iron pipe, building steel, strong boxes, and large cases.

What are combination slings?

-combine two or four single slings to form a bridle, basket, or choker sling -can lift any type of load

What are chain slings used for?

-for handling steel rails, pipes, beams, angles, bridles, or single legs Note: the sling's links are wrought iron; this iron will stretch before it breaks, thus giving warning. Watch for warning signs such as stretching links, fracturing, and stretching hooks.

What is a canvas sling?

-a rope sling with a section of canvas sewn between the ropes

What is this and what is it used for?

Pie plate -reduces the crushing effects of a cargo -constructed of two dunnage layers, or cargo boards

What is a stevedore pallet?

Stevedore pallet - used to handle loose cargo at water terminals -the inside stringers are arranged to permit easy entrance of forks for movement by forklift trucks.

Describe the use of cargo nets

-used to handle loose packages that are not all the same size. -usually made of manila rope

What is a general purpose pallet?

-a four-way-entry wood pallet -used mainly for the shipment of palletized cargo

What is a sled pallet?

-a heavy timbered platform with runners -supplies and equipment are normally banded to the pallet.

What is a warehouse pallet?

-lighter than the stevedore pallet. -the warehouse pallet can be the open end type that is moved by a forklift or hoisted by a pallet bridle, or the closed end type that is moved by forklift only.

What is the purpose of a spreader? List 4 commonly used spreaders.

-any device used to keep the side pressure of the sling legs away from the load being hoisted. 1. vehicle spreaders with wheel nets. 2. heavy-lift spreaders. 3. barrel sling spreaders. 4. pallet bridle spreaders.

What is the purpose of a bridle? List 4 commonly used bridles and their use.

-lifting devices designed to hoist special types of cargo. 1. pallet bridle (quick efficient handling of palletized cargo) 2. beam bridles (remove hatch beams from their sockets) 3. vehicle bridles (handling of vehicles) 4. heavy duty bridles (reduce side pressure on heavy lifts)

What are plate-handling clamps?

-used to handle steel plates

List 3 cargo-handling aids and their uses.

1. wedge point bars: -used to shift heavy cases into position over short distances with grease or used to pry a case to get rollers underneath for longer distances 2. rollers: -move cargo from the wings and ends of a hatch to the square of the hatch; pallet dollies, single rollers, or gravity conveyors 3. tag lines: -controls the swing of the draft as it is being hoisted or lowered

Why should the pH of the bilge water be measured?

The sulphur content of coal can cause corrosion of tank top plating, bilge well structure, and bilge piping. if high readings are obtained, the bilge system should be rinsed.

Identify the hazards associated with coal cargoes

1. may emit methane, creating a flammable atmosphere in the hold 2. may heat spontaneously = production of toxic gases 3. may liquefy 4. may react with water and produce acidic solutions 5. may oxidize = increase of CO and CO2 in hold 6. soft coal can stick to structures leaving oily residue after unloading

What is the importance of monitoring the temperature of the holds associated with carriage of coal cargoes? Why shouldn't you load when there is precipitation for Group A coals?

1. coal should not be loaded if its temperature is above 55°C -already undergoing self-heating at this temperature = methane production 2. precipitation may cause coal cargo to liquefy

When should ventilation of coal occur?

-ventilation should occur to reduce the methane content of the in-hold atmosphere and minimize the explosion risk (if methane level > 20% of LEL) -if coal is self heating, cargo space should close and ventilation should cease to reduce oxygen flow

What measures should be taken before the loading of concentrate cargoes?

1. should not accept cargoes that can liquefy without documentation certifying that the moisture content of the cargo is less than the TML. 2. cargo holds are clean and dry, and the bilges have been tested 3. hatch covers close correctly and are weathertight

Definitions of: 1. angle of repose 2. cargoes which may liquefy 3. flow moisture point

1. Angle of repose : means the maximum slope angle of non-cohesive (i.e. free-flowing) granular material. 2. Cargoes which may liquefy: cargoes which contain a certain proportion of fine particles and a certain amount of moisture. They may liquefy if shipped with a moisture content in excess of their transportable moisture limit. 3. Flow moisture point: percentage moisture content (wet mass basis) at which a flow state develops under the prescribed method of test in a representative sample of the material

Failure of proper inspection and preparation of cargo holds prior to loading bulk cargoes could cause?

1. contamination (ex. could cause chemical reactions) 2. water ingress 3. shortage claims it is important to always be fully aware of the requirements of each cargo and where it is to be laden. Ignorance or assumptions can lead to delays, losses and disputes.

Describe how different bulk cargoes can be separated.

1. bulk products in the base of the hold covered by a large tarpaulin in the centre of the hold, and four smaller strips of tarpaulin which cover the sides; these tarpaulins overlap by at least two metres in order to allow for additional protection. The strips can also be glued to the sides. 2. bags are then loaded into the centre of the hold containing different bulk cargo (there can be as many as 5 tiers of bags on top)

Some bulk cargoes may deplete the oxygen content of holds or produce toxic gases, what are some precautions to be taken before entry of holds?

Oxygen depletion caused by factors such as self-heating of the cargo, oxidation of metal and ores or decomposition of vegetable oils, animal fats, grain and other organic material or their residues. 1. ventilation 2. the crew is aware of dangers and has sufficient protective equipment (SCBA) to enter spaces