Central nervous system
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Central nervous system - Leaderboard
Central nervous system - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Regions of the brain | 1. Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum |
| Ventricles of the brain | -Spaces containing cerebrospinal fluid Lateral ventricles (ventricle 1 & 2) -Paired in cerebral hemispheres Third ventricle -In diencephalon Fourth ventricle -In hindbrain They are connected to one another and to central canal of spinal cord -Lined by Ependymal cells |
| Five lobes of the brain | 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal 5. Insula (insulated insula) |
| Surface marking terms | Gyri- ridges Sulci- Shallow grooves Fissure- Deep groove |
| Cerebral cortex | -Thin (2-4mm) superficial layer of gray matter -40% of the mass of brain -Side of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, Voluntary motor Initiation, Communication, Memory stage, and understanding -Each hemisphere connects to contralateral side of body |
| Three types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex | Motor areas Sensory areas Association areas |
| Motor areas | Control voluntary movement -Primary motor cortex -Premotor cortex -Brocas area -Frontal eye field |
| Sensory areas | Conscious sensation -Primary somatosensory cortex -somatosensory association cortex -Visual areas -Auditory areas -Olfactory cortex -Gustatory cortex -Visceral sensory area -Vestibular cortex |
| Association areas | Integrate diverse information |
| Primary motor cortex | -Precentral gyri Conscious control of precise, skilled and involuntary movements |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | Postcentral gyri -information from skin, Skeletal muscles and joints -Capable of spatial discrimination |
| Lateralization | Division of labor between hemispheres |
| Left hemisphere | Controls language, math and logic |
| Right hemisphere | Insight, Visual spatial skills, Intuition and artistic skills |
| Cerebral dominance | Designates hemisphere dominant for language (Left hemisphere and 90% of people) |
| Cerebral white matter | -Myelinated fibers and their tracts -Responsible for communication -Commissures -Association Fibers -Projection fibers -Left and right hemispheres communicate via fiber tracts in cerebral white matter |
| Gray matter: Basal nuclei | -Subcortical Nuclei- influences posture and voluntary movement input from: -Sensory cortex, thalamus, brain stem output from -Motor cortex, brain stem |
| Thalamus | -Largest part of diencephalon -Most sensory input projects to here -sorts, edits, relays information |
| Epithalamus | Pineal glad may influence sleep wake cycles |
| Hypothalamus | -ANS control -Emotions -Endocrine control -Muscle control -Temperature regulation -Regulation of food and water intake -Regulation of sleep wake cycle |
| Brainstem | -Controls Automatic behaviors necessary for survival -contains embedded nuclei -contains fiber tracks connecting higher and lower neural centers -Associated with 10 pairs of cranial nerves |
| Medulla oblongata | Regulates: -Heart rate -Blood vessel diameter -Respiration -Swallowing -Vomiting -Hiccuping -Coughing -Sneezing |
| Pons | -Connect higher brain centers and spinal cord -relay impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum -Sleep and respiratory center |
| Midbrain | -Visual reflex center -Auditory relay center |
| Cerebellum | -11% of brain mass -Precise timing and patterns or skeletal muscle contraction Control of: -Balance -Posture -Coordination -Puzzle solving -Word association |
| Anatomy Of the cerebellum | - 2 hemispheres connected by vermis - Each hemisphere has three lobes 1. Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Flocculonodular Folia: Transversely oriented gyri Arbor vitae: tree like pattern of cerebral white matter |
| Protection of brain | 1. Bone (skull) 2. Membranes (Meninges) 3. Watery cushion (cerebral spinal fluid) 4. Blood brain barrier |
| Meninges (Brain and spinal cord) | Connective tissue membrane: -Dura mater -Arachnoid mater -Pia mater Spaces -Subarachnoid: Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) |
| Cerebral spinal fluid | -Provides a protective cushion around CNS -Provide some nutrients to CNS tissues -baths brain and spinal cord |
| Brain blood supply | -15 to 20% of blood from heart -High metabolic rate independence on constant supply of oxygen and glucose -receives blood from internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries Interruption can cause unconscious and Irreversible brain damage |
| Spinal cord | -Begins at foramen magnum -ends at conus medullaris at L1 vertebra (in adults) |
| Functions of the spinal cord | -Two way communication to and from brain -Contains spinal reflex center |
| White matter | -Consists of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts |
| White matter | -Consists of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts |