Chapter 16 - Genes and Proteins
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Chapter 16 - Genes and Proteins - Leaderboard
Chapter 16 - Genes and Proteins - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| At the beginning of translation, the start codon is | In the p-site of the ribosome. |
| A gene contains the code for | A protein |
| RNA polymerase binds to | The core promoter |
| Genome | An organism’s complete set of DNA. |
| CHROMOSOME | One or more unique pieces of DNA. Chromosomes vary in length and hundreds of millions of base pairs and hundreds to thousands of genes. |
| GENEA | Specific sequence of DNA that contains the information necessary to produce a protein. |
| The Central Dogma of Biology | DNA -> RNA -> Protein |
| Transcription- | (DNa) to Rna processing |
| Transcription and Translation | Is from DNA to mRNA and Translation is from mRNA to protein |
| How to use a genetic code | First covert Dna to mRNA and then locate the 3 letters(AUG-Met) |
| Gene structure | 1.The promoter-siginals the start Coding Region-contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence Terminator- signals the end of transcription |
| Gene Structure | The promoter-siginals the startCoding Region-contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence Terminator- signals the end of transcription |
| Alternative splicing- | One gene can make several different proteins |
| MRna processing | 1.transcription2Capping 3Splicing4Tailing |
| MRNA structure - | Coding region, start codon, stop codon, 3’ and 5’ untranslated region” |
| TRNA structure | (anticodon, amino acid site,mRna and condon |
| What can be much more harmful than substitutions because they can alter the reading frame for the rest of the gene. | Insertions and deletions |
| Traslation 8th part | 8.Finally, the last tRNA is released, and the ribosome comes apart. The released polypeptide forms a new protein. |
| Translation 7th part | 7.When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide is released. |
| Translation 6th part | 6.The ribosome continues to move along the mRNA, and new amino acids are added to the polypeptide. |
| Traslation 4th part | 4.The ribosome moves along the mRNA until the second tRNA is in the P site. The next codon to be translated is brought into the A site. The first tRNA now occupies the E site. |
| Traslation 3rd part | 3.The second codon of the mRNA pairs with a tRNA carrying the second amino acid at the A site. -The first amino acid joins to the second by a peptide bond. -This attaches the polypeptide to the tRNA in the P site. |
| Translation 2nd part | 2.On assembled ribosome, a tRNA carrying the first amino acid is paired with the start codon on the mRNA. -The place where this first tRNA sits is called the P site. A tRNA carrying the second amino acid approaches |
| Translation 1st part | 1.small and large subunit come together |
| Traslation 5th part | 5.The second amino acid joins to the third by another peptide bond, and the first tRNA is released from the E site. |
| Silent – | The same amino acid is coded for |
| Missense – | The amino acid is changed to another amino acid |
| Nonsense – | The codon is changed to a stop codon |
| Insertion and Deletion mutations – | Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides |
| If not in multiples of three (GAU GA) | Frameshift mutation |
| Things that cause mutations | Errors in Dna replication, Toxic metabolic products and change in nucleotide structure .-Carcingoens,UV radiation and X-rays |
| Mutations in other regions than the coding region of genes | In promotor/enhancer region ,Intron |
| Somatic | Changes to your DNA that happen after conception to cells other than the egg and sperm. |
| Germline mutations | Are changes to your DNA that you inherit from the egg and sperm cells during conception. |
| A point mutation in the hemoglobin β gene(missense) | Leads to Sickle Cell Trait |
| Nonsese causes | Duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD) cause walking problem |
| Deamination | The removal of an amino group from a molecule. |
| UV Radiation | Causes Thymine Dimers |
| Transposons | Are samll segemt of DNA that can insert in the genome and may inactive the gene |
| 1.Chemical agents | (like cigarette) cause change in DNA structure |
| 2.physical agents | Like Uv light & x-ray can damage DNA |
| Given a “normal” and transcribe and translate them and tell what kind of mutation is present | TCA GAt CTG GTC AGU CUA GAC CAG Ser Leu Asp Gln |
| “mutated” DNA sequence, how to transcribe and translate them and tell what kind of mutation is present | AGU CUA GAA CAG Ser Leu Glu Gln Missense |