pathophysiology
Pathophysiology studies all the abnormally in the human body.
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| Pathophysiology | The study of the changes of normal mechanical physical and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease or resulting from an abnormal syndrome. |
| Disease | A disorder of structure or function that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury. |
| Syndrome | A group of symptoms which consistently occur together, or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms. |
| Idiopathic | Refers to disease without clear or recognizable causes, as of a spontaneous origin. |
| Aetiology | Is the cause of a disease. |
| Prognosis | The outcome of a disease. |
| Hereditary | Refers to genetic characteristic transmitted from parent to offspring. |
| Causes of a disease | Hereditary, Developmental Defects, Biological Agents, Physical Agents, Chemical Interruption and Difficients of body requirements. |
| Type of heridatary Cause of Disease | Hypertension, diabetes, cancer have genetic component. Trisomy of chromosome 21 causes Down's Syndrome. |
| Type of Developmental Defect Cause of Disease | Infection :Rubella, Radiation: medical X-rays, Toxic Chemical: Alcohol |
| What is Birth Injury? | There are two types Facial palsy and Erbs palsy. |
| What is Facial Palsy ? | Compression of the facial Nerve due to forceps delivery. |
| What is Brachial Plexus? | Stretching of the nerves at the apex of the axilla.eg. Erbs palsy. |
| Type is Biological Agent Cause of Disease. | Bacteria: Sinusitis,Virus: Hepatitis,Parasite: tick. |
| Types of Physical Agent Causes of Disease | Extreme Cold |
| What is inflammation? | A normal defense mechanism in the body and is intended to localize and remove an injurious agent. |
| What is Acute Inflammation? | Leukocytes then move to the site of injury. |
| Signs of an Inflammation | Redness, warmth,pain and swelling. |
| What is Chronic Inflammation? | There is less swelling and exudate but more lymphocyte, macrophages and fibroblasts. |
| The healing process Steps. | The first phase of healing is inflammation, the body’s natural response to trauma. In the second wound healing stage, proliferation, the wound begins to be rebuilt with new, healthy granulation tissue. Maturation/remodeling, is the last stage of the wound healing process. |
| The production and excretion of Urine to maintain homeostasis by detoxifying the blood and eliminate waste. | What is Renal System ? |
| Small particles in the blood pass through the Glomerula Capillaries into the renal tubule. | What is Glomerula filtration ? |
| The return of useful material in the blood. | What is tubular Reabsorption ? |
| As fluid pass through the Glomerula, additional material or gain from the tubules cells and blood Capillaries. | What is tubular secretion ? |
| The premature death of cells in living tissue when too little blood flows to the tissue. | What is Necrosis ? |
| Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. | What is Astrophy? |
| Increase in the Number of Cells. | What is hypertrophy ? |
| Increase in the size of cells. | What is hyperplasia ? |
| Abnormal change in the shape, size of mature cells. | What is Dysplasia? |
| Riversable replacement of one mature cell type by another. | What is Metaplasia ? |
| This means that both copy of the gene must have a mutation for a person to have the trait. | What is Autosomal Recessive Inheritance? |
| Sickle Cell Disease | One example of Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Disorder ? |
| This means that the gene carrying the mutation is located on one of the autosomes . | What is Autosomal Dominant Inheritance? |
| Neurofibomatosis | One example of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Disorder? |
| A error occurred on the X link chromosome. | What is X-linked Recessive ? |
| Hemophilia | One example of X-linked Recessive Disorder? |
| Is a condition in which a female is completely or partially missing an X chromosome. | What is Turner Syndrome? |
| Is a agent that can disturb the development of a fetus or embryo. | What is teratogenic ? |
| A chronic disease which cause normal blood cell to be crescent shape. | What is Sickle cell Anemia? |
| The creation of cancer with three steps initiation, promotion and progression. | What is carcinogenesis? |
| The damage to or mutation of DNA. | What is initiation phase of Cancer? |
| The mutated cell is exposed to factors that enhance growth. | What is promotion phase? |
| Tumor invades, metastasized and become resistance to drugs. | What is Progressive phase? |
| Is a sudden, non-convulsive focal neurologic defect. | What is Stroke ? |
| Hemorrhage and Ischemia Stroke. | What are the two types of Stroke ? |
| Difficulty walking, slurred speech, dizziness and loss of balance. | Signs and Symptoms of Stroke ? |
| MRI and CT Scan | Test of CVA? |
| Is a neurological disorder that is provoked by trigger factor. | What is Headache ? |
| Mild and Cluster Heachache | Two types of Headache? |
| Cancer that grow rapid without a capsule that invades into the blood vessel, lymphatics and the surrounding tissues. | What is Milignant Tumor? |
| A absences that is well encapsulated, well differentiated ,that remain the normal body size of tissues. | What is Benign ? |
| A persistence change in the bowel movement | What is Colorectal Cancer ? |
| Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints. | What is Arthritis ? |
| The cause of bones to become brittle and weak. | What is Osteoporosis ? |
| Cancer in the bone. | What is Osteosarcoma ? |
| Softning of the bone. | What is Osteomalacia ? |
| A chronic condition where the pancreases produce little or no insulin because of the destruction a beta cells needed to produce energy. | What is Diabetes type 1? |
| A chronic condition where the body resist insulin or does not produce enough insulin to main normal glucose level. | What is Diabetes type 2 ? |
| Excessive thirst, Fatigue, Bed wetting in kids, Hunger, Weigh loss and blurred vision. | What are the signs of Diabetes Type 1&2 ? |
| Heart and blood vessel disease, Nerve and kidney Damages. | Complication of Diabetes type 1&2 ? |
| Weakness in facial muscles. | What is Bell Palsy ? |
| Heachache, drooling, difficulty swallowing and pain. | Signs and Symptoms of Bell's palsy ? |
| The neural tube consisting of the brain and spinal cord that affects baby's. | What is Congenital Defects ? |
| Damage of the motor neuron that is controlled by the CNS. | What is motor dysfunction ? |
| Flex arm | What is decorticate posturing ? |
| The extension arm. | What is decerebrate? |
| Cataract: cloudy lend and Glaucoma : intraocular pressure. | Alteration of vision |
| Brysbiopea | Alteration of accomodation |
| Myopia,hyperopia and Astigmatism. | Alteration of refraction |
| The periodic rapture and ripening of the graafian follicles. | What is Ovulation ? |
| This condition is when a band divide the uterus into two section causing miscarriage. | What is septate Uterus ? |
| A heart- shape uterus with two horns causing preterm labor. | What is bicornuate Uterus ? |
| Condition when the uterus is half develop. | What is Unicornuate ? |
| Benign mass that grows in the Uterus. | What is Uterine Fibroid ? |
| Bleeding, pressure and pain. | Signs of Uterine Fibroid? |
| The presence of endometrial tissues outside the Uterus. | What is endometriosis ? |
| The attachment of a fertile egg to the the wall of the follopian tube outside the Uterus. | What is ectopic Pregnancy ? |
| It is a condition where cysts develop in the ovaries and increase the level of androgens leading to menstrual complication, fertility problem and health issues. | What is polycystic ovarian Syndrome ? |
| Is a genetic abnormality that invades the lobule and connective tissue underneath the arm that spreads to lymp node and other nearby tissues. | What is breast Cancer ? |
| A condition where the urethra open on the ventral side of the penis rather than the glan. | What is hypospadias ? |
| A condition where the urethra ends up on the upper aspect of the penis. | What is epipasdias ? |
| An Inflammation of the testicles cause by bacteria or virus. | What is orchitis ? |
| Abnormal growth of cell in the prostate that might spread to other regions in the males reproductive system. | What is prostate cancer ? |
| It is curable infection cause by bacteria , with a yellow or blood discharge that can be treated with rocephin. | What is Gonorrhea ? |
| It is a sexual tramitted disease the is cloudy or clear that can be treated with Doxycycline. | What is Chlamydia ? |
| It is an infection cause by fungus with symptoms of itching of the penis and vagina ,with a cartage cheese thick discharge that can be treated with floconazole. | What is candidias? |
| It's an infection that is sexually transmitted, that can be treated by antiretroviral drug. | What is HIV / Aids ? |
| It is infection with a froth yellow green discharge. Treatment metroñiddazole. | What is tricomonia Disease? |
| Protect the body from disease microbes, two types are T&B lymphocytes. | What is Immune System ? |
| It produce antibodies that react with the antigens in the body. | What is B lymphocytes ? |
| Attacks the antigens directly. | What is T lymphocyte ? |
| Our first line of defense introduce by vaccines that fight against invasive organisms. | What is innate immunity ? |
| Congenital Cardiac Defects, Pulmonary Stenosis and Aortic Stenosis. | Causes of Cardiovascular Alteration Resulting in left to right shunting? |
| Left to right shunting. | What is Congenital Cardiac Defect ? |
| Atrial septal defect,Ventricular septal defect and Patent ductus arteriosus. | What are types of Congenital Cardiac Defect ? |