Apologia Exploring Creation with Biology 2nd Edition
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Apologia Exploring Creation with Biology 2nd Edition - Leaderboard
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| Criteria for Life ~ 1 | All life forms contain deoxyribonucleic acid, which is called DNA. |
| Criteria for Life ~ 2 | All life forms have a method by which they extract energy from the surroundings and convert it into energy that sustains them. |
| Criteria for Life ~ 3 | All life forms can sense changes in their surroundings and respond to those changes. |
| Criteria for Life ~ 4 | All life forms reproduce. |
| Metabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organisms life functions. |
| Anabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life. |
| Catabolism | The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food. |
| Herbivores | Organisms that eat only plants. |
| Carnivores | Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants. |
| Omnivores | Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms. |
| Producers | Organisms that produce their own food. |
| Consumers | Organisms that eat living producers and /or other consumers for food. |
| Decomposers | Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms. |
| Autotrophs | Organisms that are able to make their own food. |
| Heterotrophs | Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food. |
| Receptors | Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment. |
| Asexual Reproduction | Reproduction accomplished by a single organism. |
| Sexual Reproduction | Reproduction that requires two organisms. |
| Inheritance | The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring. |
| Mutation | An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents. |
| Scientific Law | A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data. |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question. |
| Theory | A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data. |
| Microorganisms | Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye. |
| Abiogenesis | The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions. |
| Prokaryotic Cell | A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles. |
| Eukaryotic Cell | A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles. |
| Species | A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and reproductively isolate from other such units. |
| Taxonomy | The science of classifying organisms. |
| Binomial Nomenclature | Naming an organism with its genus and species name. |
| Pathogen | An organism that causes disease. |
| Saprophyte | An organism that feeds on dead matter. |
| Parasite | An organism that feeds on a living host. |
| Aerobic Organism | An organism that requires oxygen. |
| Steady State | A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born. |
| Exponential Growth | Populations growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population. |
| Logistic Growth | Populations growth that is controlled by limited resources. |
| Conjugation | A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer. |
| Plasmid | A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code. |
| Transformation | The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell. |
| Transduction | The process by which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another. |
| Endospore | The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers. |
| Strains | Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits. |
| Anaerobic Organism | An organism that does not require oxygen. |
| Pseudopod | A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food. |
| Nucleus | The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA. |
| Vacuole | A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell. |
| Ectoplasm | The thin, watery cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells. |
| Endoplasm | The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells. |
| Flagellate | A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum. |
| Pellicle | A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane. |
| Chloroplast | An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis. |
| Chlorophyll | A pigment necessary for photosynthesis. |
| Eyespot | A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa. |
| Symbiosis | A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits. |
| Mutualism | A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association. |
| Commensalism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other neither harmed or benefited. |
| Parasitism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed. |
| Cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion. |
| Spore | A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating. |
| Plankton | Tiny organisms that float in the water. |
| Zooplankton | Tiny floating organisms that are with small animals or protozoa. |
| Phytoplankton | Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae. |
| Thallus | The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems. |
| Cellulose | A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms. |
| Holdfast | A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself. |
| Sessile Colony | A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object. |
| Extracellular Digestion | Digestion that takes place outside the cell. |
| Mycelium | The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food. |
| Hypha | A filament of fungal cells. |
| Rhizoid Hypha | A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows. |
| Aerial Hypha | A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows. |
| Sporophore | Specialised aerial hypha that produces spores. |
| Stolon | An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments. |
| Haustorium | A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the hosts cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm. |
| Chitin | A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility. |
| Membrane | A thin covering of tissue. |
| Fermentation | The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules. |
| Zygospore | A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering. |
| Zygote | The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring. |
| Antibiotic | A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms. |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space. |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water. |
| Model | An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen. |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water. |
| Element | A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons. |
| Molecules | Chemicals that result from atoms linking together. |
| Physical Change | A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance. |
| Chemical Change | A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance. |
| Phase | One of three forms -- solid, liquid, or gas -- which every substance is capable of attaining. |
| Diffusion | The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Concentration | A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent. |
| Semipermeable Membrane | A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through. |
| Osmosis | The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration. |
| Catalyst | A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process. |
| Organic Molecule | A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and / or phosphorous. |
| Biosynthesis | The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones. |
| Isomers | Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula. |
| Monosaccharides | Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms. |