Module 3 Lesson 3-4
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| Independe | As part of a grand plan to stop the rebellion by isolating New England, the British decided to seize New York City. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Valley forge | The site in Pennsylvania where the Continental army spent the winter of 1777–1778 under extremely harsh conditions. |
| Defeat in New York | Two brothers, General William Howe and Admiral Richard Howe, joined forces on Staten Island. *They sailed into New York harbor in the summer of 1776 with the largest British expeditionary force ever assembled *Their force included thousands of German mercenaries, or soldiers who fight solely for money. T |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Battle of Ney York | Brothers: General William Howe and Admiral Richard Howe, joined forces on Staten Island. *They sailed into New York harbor in the summer of 1776 with the largest British expeditionary force ever assembled—32,000 soldiers. *Their force included thousands of German mercenarie, or soldiers who fight solely for money. |
| Hessians | Soldiers who fight solely for money |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Hessians | Troops that came from the German region of Hesse. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Defeat in New York | George Washington had begun to recruit and train a militia when tensions first arose with the British. Washington rallied 23,000 men to New York’s defense, but he was vastly outnumbered. *Most of his troops were untrained recruits with poor equipment. The battle for New York ended in late August with an American retreat following heavy losses. *Michael Graham, a Continental army volunteer, described the chaotic withdrawal on August 27, 1776. |
| Meanwhile for the colonists | *George Washington had begun to recruit and train a militia when tensions first arose with the British. *Washington rallied 23,000 men to New York’s defense, but he was vastly outnumbered. (Most of his troops were untrained recruits with poor equipment.) *The battle for New York ended in late August with an American retreat following heavy losses. Michael Graham, a Continental army volunteer, described the chaotic withdrawal on August 27, 1776. |
| Results of the Ney York war | Defeat for (colonists) By late fall, the British had pushed Washington’s army across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. *majority of Washington’s men had either deserted or had been killed or captured. Fewer than 8,000 men remained under Washington’s command * Washington desperately needed some kind of victory * |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Battle of Trenton | Victory for colonists On Christmas night 1776 Washington led 2,400 men in small rowboats across the ice-choked Delaware River and marched to Trenton, New Jersey.*It was held by the Hessians but because they were drinking they were sleeping so the Americans took it by a surprise attack and killed 30 of the enemy and took 918 captives and six Hessian cannons. The Americans were rallied by another astonishing victory eight days later against 1,200 British stationed at Princeton and marched into winter camp near Morristown, in northern New Jersey. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Trenton | Important battle site of the American Revolution where American forces killed 30 of the enemy and took 918 captives and 6 Hessian cannons in a surprise attack. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| The fight for Philadelphia | In 1777 General Howe began his campaign to seize the American capital at Philadelphia. *His troops sailed from New York to the head of Chesapeake Bay, and landed near the capital in late August. *The Continental Congress fled the city but Washington’s troops unsuccessfully tried to block the redcoats at nearby Brandywine Creek. *The British captured Philadelphia, and the pleasure-loving General Howe settled in to enjoy the hospitality of the city’s grateful Loyalists. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Battle of Saratoga | Meanwhile, John “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne, convinced the London high command to allow him to to lead an army down a route of lakes from Canada to Albany. *There he would meet Howe’s troops as they arrived from New York City. According to Burgoyne’s plan, the two generals would then join forces to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies. *His food supplies ran low. *The Continental Congress had appointed General Horatio Gates to command the Northern Department of the Continental army. *Gates gathered militiamen and soldiers from all over New York and New England. *Burgoyne lost several hundred men every time his forces clashed with the Americans *Even worse, Burgoyne didn’t realize that Howe was preoccupied with conquering and occupying Philadelphia and wasn’t coming to meet him. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Saratoga | Massed American troops finally surrounded Burgoyne at Saratoga, where he surrendered his battered army to General Gates on October 17, 1777. *The surrender at Saratoga dramatically changed Britain’s war strategy. From that time on, the British generally kept their troops along the coast, close to the big guns and supply bases of the British fleet. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| The French join | Because the french were Britains worst enemy and were bitter by the French and Inian war they joined the Americans *To begin the American–French alliance, the French had secretly sent weapons to the Patriots since early 1776. *The Saratoga victory bolstered French trust in the American army. France now agreed to support the Revolution. *The French recognized American independence and signed an alliance, or treaty of cooperation, with the Americans in February 1778. According to the terms, France agreed not to make peace with Britain unless Britain also recognized American independence. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Financing the War | When the Congress ran out of hard currency—silver and gold—it borrowed money by selling bonds to American investors and foreign governments, especially France. * It also printed paper money called Continentals. As Congress printed more and more money, its value plunged, causing rising prices, or inflation. *The Congress also struggled to equip the beleaguered army. With few munitions factories and the British navy blockading the coast, the Americans had to smuggle arms from Europe. *Some government officials engaged in profiteering, Corrupt merchants either hoarded goods or sold defective merchandise like spoiled meat, cheap shoes, and defective weapons. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Inflation | An increase in prices or decline in purchasing power caused by an increase in the supply of money. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Profiteering | The selling of goods in short supply at inflated prices. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Congress acts | *Congress appointed a rich Philadelphia merchant named Robert Morris as superintendent of finance. His associate was Haym Salomon, a Jewish political refugee from Poland. *Morris and Salomon begged and borrowed on their personal credit to raise money to provide salaries for the Continental army. *They raised funds from many sources, including Philadelphia’s Quakers and Jews. Due to the efforts of Morris and Salomon, on September 8, 1781, the troops were finally paid in specie, or gold coin. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Civilians at war | When men marched off to fight, many wives had to manage farms, shops, and businesses as well as households and families. * Some women, such as Benjamin Franklin’s daughter, Sarah Franklin Bache of Philadelphia, organized volunteers to mend clothing for the soldiers. *Many women made ammunition from their household silver. And hundreds of women followed their husbands to the battlefield, where they washed, mended, and cooked for the troops. |
| Winter at valley Forge | While waiting for the French to arrive because Britain controlled new York and New england the Americans had to stay in Valley Forge (Pennsylvania) where they struggled to stay alive amidst bitter cold and primitive conditions at winter camp *The soldiers lived in makeshift huts and tents, which provided little protection from the cold. Soldiers suffered from exposure and frostbite. *Surgeons like Albigense Waldo worked constantly but often unsuccessfully to save arms and legs from amputation. Of the 10,000 soldiers who braved wind, snow, and hunger at Valley Forge that winter, more than 2,000 died. |
| Women at war | Some women risked their lives in combat. * A few, such as 21-year-old Deborah Sampson, disguised themselves as men and became soldiers in the Continental army. *At Fort Washington, New York, Margaret Corbin replaced a gunner who was shot and then was shot herself. Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly took her husband’s place at a cannon when he was wounded at the Battle of Monmouth. Known for carrying pitchers of water to the soldiers, McCauly won the nickname “Molly Pitcher.” Afterward, General Washington made her a noncommissioned officer for her brave deeds. |
| Africans and natives | Thousands of African American slaves escaped to freedom. Some went to the cities, where they passed as free people. Others went to the frontier, where they sometimes joined Native American tribes. *About 5,000 African Americans served in the Continental army, where their courage, loyalty, and talent impressed white Americans. *Native Americans remained on the fringes of the Revolution. Some fought for the British, but most Native Americans remained apart from the conflict. |
| Africans and natives | Thousands of African American slaves escaped to freedom. Some went to the cities, where they passed as free people. Others went to the frontier, where they sometimes joined Native American tribes. *About 5,000 African Americans served in the Continental army, where their courage, loyalty, and talent impressed white Americans. *Native Americans remained on the fringes of the Revolution. Some fought for the British, but most Native Americans remained apart from the conflict. |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |
| Yorktown | The site where the British army formally surrendered on October 19, 1781, ending the American Revolution. |
| French Alliance | The French government helped the Americans by sending gunpowder, artillery, and muskets. *Then, in 1776, the Americans sent Benjamin Franklin to France as an influential diplomat. In his fur cap and homespun coat, he became a favorite with both aristocrats and the ordinary people. * As a result of Saratoga and Franklin’s diplomatic skills, France soon signed two treaties: One formally recognized the United States as a nation. The other promised military help. In 1780, France sent a 6,000-soldier army to help the Americans fight the British. |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French statesman and officer who viewed the American Revolution as important to the world; he helped finance the Revolution and served as major general. |
| Friedrich von Steuben | Prussian captain; he helped train General George Washington's troops at Valley Forge. *because of the lack of preparation displayed by the militia troops he trained them *taught the colonial soldiers to stand at attention, execute field maneuvers, fire and reload quickly, and wield bayonets. |
| The British moved South | After the defeat at Saratoga, the British changed their military strategy. *In 1778, they began to shift their operations to the South where they hoped to rally Loyalist support, reclaim their former colonies in the region, and then slowly fight their way back north. |
| British success | At the end of the expedition they took Georgia and became a royal colony. In 1780, General Henry Clinton, who had replaced Howe in New York, along with the ambitious General Charles Cornwallis, sailed south with 8,500 men. * In their greatest victory of the war, the British captured Charles Town, South Carolina, in May 1780 and marched 5,500 American soldiers off as prisoners of war. Clinton then left for New York, leaving Cornwallis to command the British forces in the South and to conquer South and North Carolina. *Many African Americans joined |
| Charles Cornwallis, | British general and commander of the British army at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. After the defeat of the British army he was forced to surrender to the Americans, ending the American Revolution. |
| British losses in 1781 | Washington ordered Nathanael Greene, his ablest general, to march south and harass Cornwallis as he retreated. *Greene divided his force into two groups, sending 600 soldiers under the command of General Daniel Morgan to South Carolina. * Cornwallis, in turn, sent Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and his troops to pursue Morgan’s soldiers. Morgan and his men led the British on a grueling chase through rough countryside. *When the forces met in January 1781 the outnumbered Continental army fought back and forced the redcoats to surrender. *Angered by the defeat at Cowpens, Cornwallis attacked Greene two months later at Guilford Court House, North Carolina. Cornwallis won the battle, but the victory cost him nearly a fourth of his troops. Ninety-three were killed, over 400 were wounded, and 26 were missing. * Greene had weakened the British, but he worried about the fight for the South |
| Cornwallis | After the exhausting battle in the Carolinas, Cornwallis chose to move the fight to Virginia, where he met up with reinforcements. *First he tried to capture the divisions led by Lafayette and von Steuben. When that failed, Cornwallis made a fateful mistake. He led his army of 7,500 onto the peninsula between the James and York rivers. *He camped at Yorktown, a few miles from the original English settlement of Jamestown. Cornwallis planned to fortify Yorktown, take Virginia, and then move north to join Clinton’s forces. |
| Lafayette french and americans join | Because the french had already stablished a station when news of Cornwallis’s plans reached him, the Marquis de Lafayette suggested that the American and French armies join forces with the two French fleets and attack the British forces at Yorktown. |
| Yorktown (victory for americans) | Following Lafayette’s plan, the Americans and the French closed in on Cornwallis. *A French naval force defeated a British fleet. Then it blocked the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay, thereby preventing a British rescue by sea. Meanwhile, about 17,000 French and American troops surrounded the British on the Yorktown peninsula and bombarded them day and night. *The siege of Yorktown lasted about three weeks. On October 17, 1781, with his troops outnumbered by more than two to one and exhausted from constant shelling, Cornwallis finally raised the white flag of surrender. |
| British surrender | General Charles O’Hara, representing Cornwallis, handed over his sword, the British troops laid down their arms. |
| Treaty of Paris | The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation. * The British made no attempt to protect the land interests of their Native American allies *the treaty did not specify when the British would evacuate their American forts. On the other side, the Americans agreed that British creditors could collect debts owed them by Americans and promised to allow Loyalists to sue in state courts for recovery of their losses. The state governments, however, later failed to honor this agreement. |
| Egalitarianism | The belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights. *applied only to white men *The American Revolution did not bring any new political rights to women. A few states made it possible for women to divorce, but common law still dictated that a married woman’s property belonged to her husband. |
| Women perspective changes | Before the war, American women had become politically active for the first time, organizing boycotts and later supporting the war effort. *During the war, women ably managed farms and businesses. Some women fought in battle or forcefully defended their homes. The concept of republican motherhood developed from these roots. It was recognized that women had the first opportunity to educate children in civic responsibilities. *Republican motherhood encouraged mothers to raise their children to be intelligent, patriotic, and competent citizens, so sons could become leaders and daughters could run households and raise well-educated children. |
| African Americans | The new egalitarianism did not apply to African Americans either. Most African Americans were still enslaved, and even those who were free usually faced discrimination and poverty. *However, by 1804 many northern states had taken steps to outlaw slavery. *The Southern states, where slavery was more entrenched, did not outlaw the practice, but most made it easier for slave owners to free their slaves. |
| Native Americans | During both the French and Indian War and the Revolution, many Native American communities had either been destroyed or displaced. * The Native American population east of the Mississippi had declined by about 50 percent. Postwar developments further threatened Native American interests. Settlers from the United States moved west and began taking tribal lands left unprotected by the Treaty of Paris. |
| Creating a New government | Americans had rejected the British system of government, in which kings and nobles held power. *they set out to establish a stable republic, a government of the people. This new American government would not allow taxation without representation. *The Continental Congress had chosen a motto for the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States: “a new order of the ages.” |