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The word vitamin comes from the Latin word? Meaning?

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Vita, meaning life; and the suffix amine, which is a nitrogen compound.

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Nutrition and Dietetics - Details

Levels:

1) Chapter 3 View
2) Chapter 4: Micronutrients: Vitamins: book View

Questions:

298 questions

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The word vitamin comes from the Latin word? Meaning?

Vita, meaning life; and the suffix amine, which is a nitrogen compound.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA:

1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women

True or False: all vitamins contain nitrogen.

False, it was discovered later that not all vitamins contain nitrogen; nevertheless, "vitamin" has been used pervasively and has become a common word.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA:

1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women

Are a group of unrelated organic compounds found in food which are needed only in minute quantities in the diet but essential for specific metabolic reactions within the cell and necessary for normal growth and maintenance of health. coenzyme partner in controlling many metabolic reactions in the body

Vitamins

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA:

1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women

In the absence of vitamins, a related ??? occurs. cure is through the administration of the vitamin involved

Vitamin deficiency or deficiency

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA:

1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA:

1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women

Classification of vitamin deficiency: Occurs when the vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet physiologic needs

Primary deficiency

Classification of vitamin deficiency: absorption is impaired excess secretion occurs underlying disorder lifestyle factor

Secondary deficiency

Classifications of vitamin deficiency

Secondary deficiency

True or false: Vitamins do have caloric value

False, vitamins does not have caloric value

Terms associated with vitamins: These are compounds that can be changed to active vitamins. A substance in food that may be transformed into a vitamin within the body; a potential vitamin

Precursors or Provitamins

Terms associated with vitamins: These are naturally occurring vitamins that are in inactive form and ready for biological use

Preformed vitamins

Terms associated with vitamins: This refers to a condition resulting from lack of a vitamin. In the later stage of this condition when more defined signs and symptoms occur, a nutritional deficiency disease signs and symptoms occur, a nutritional deficiency disease is recognizable

Avitaminosis

Carotenes (or carotenoids) and cryptoxanthin are precursors of what vitamin?

Vitamin A

Ergosterol, when radiated, becomes?

Vitamin D

Avitaminosis A leads to

Night blindness and xerophthalmia

Avitaminosis C leads to

Scurvy

Avitaminosis B leads to

Beri beri

Terms associated with vitamins: This is sometimes referred to as "vitamin toxicity", a result of excessive accumulation of a vitami in the body

Hypervitaminosis

Terms associated with vitamins: The prefix "mal" meaning bad denotes that too much or too little vitamin is not good for the health.

Vitamin malnutrition

Terms associated with vitamins: Some substances have physiological roles like vitamins but they are present in larger amounts and are partially synthesized in the body. These substances include inositol, choline, lipoic acid, and ubiquinone.

Vitamin-like compounds

An example of preformed Vit. A found in animal food sources

Retinol

Terms associated with vitamins: These are substances that interfere with the normal functioning of a vitamin. They need to be similar in chemical composition as the vitamin they "antagonize" Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins.

Antivitamins or vitamin antagonists

Antivitamin or vitamin antagonist of Vitamin K

Dicumerol

Antivitamin or vitamin antagonist of biotin

Avidin

Antivitamin or vitamin antagonist against thiamine or vitamin B1

Thiaminase

Two types of vitamins: classification of Vitamins on the basis of Solubility:

The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K in association with lipids are found in foods The water-soluble vitamins are B complex and vitamin C

Vitamins are formerly called ???, because their presence in minute quantities is easily overlooked.

Accessory food factors

What are the last group of organic compounds which were discovered to be vital to life maintenance and growth

Vitamins

The word vitamin was coined by: when: How:

The word vitamin was coined by Casimir Funk; in 1912; when he was searching for a constituent in rice bran which could cure beriberi. The missing substance he called 'vitamine' comes from vita meaning necessary for life and amine denoting that the anti-beriberi factor contained nitrogen. He hypothesized that nutritional deficiencies which were observed in the past such as scurvy, pellagra, and rickets were due to the lack of "vitamine".

Researchers later showed that ???, so the final letter "e" was dropped, hence the word "vitamin"

Not all these dietary factors contained nitrogen

Besides solubility properties, fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins based on the following factual criteria:

1. Fat-soluble vitamins generaly have precursors or provitamins 2. Because they can be stored in the body: liver, adipose tissue, deficiencies are slow to develop 3. They are not absolutely needed daily from food sources. 4. They are generally stable, especially in ordinary cooking methods • Absorbed directly into blood transported and stored like fats • Dissolve in fatty tissues or substances • Need fat: for absorption & transport

Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins having the general characteristics:

1. they must be supplied every day in the diet 2. They do not have precursors 3. they are not stored significantly in the body and any excess is excreted in the urine. except Vit. B 12 (Cobalamin) and Vit. B 6 (Pyridoxine) 4. Deficiency symptoms develop relatively fast 5. Being water-soluble, they are most likely to be destroyed in ordinary cooking. therefore opposite sa fat-soluble, bilat.

Vitamin B1:

Thiamin

• a.1. Integral part coenzyme factor, thiamine pyrophosphate or TPP, needed for carbohydrate metabolism. • a.2. Helps maintain good appetite, good muscle tone especially of the GI tract and normal functioning of ENERGY.

Thiamin (B1): Function:

Thiamin (B1): Stability:

• Loss of vitamin in cooking is extremely variable, depending on the pH of the food, time, temperature, quantity of water used and discarded and the use of sodium bicarbonate to enhance the green color of vegetables. • Freezing has little or no effect on the thiamin content of foods.

Thiamin (B1): Thiamine Deficiency

• c.1. loss of appetite • c.2. weakness • c.3. easy fatigability • c.4.indigestion • c.5. severe constipation • c.6. gastric atony • c.7. poor reflexes and irritability • c.8. retarded growth • c.9. numbness of extremities • c.10. beri-beri- also called nutritional polyneuritis

Thiamin (B1): beri beri characterized by

Ataxia, pain, anorexia, mental disorientation, and tachycardia.

Types of beriberi:

Infantile beriberi wet beriberi dry beriberi

Type of beriberi: Infants 2 to 5 months of age whose main food is milk from mother suffering from beriberi. • Symptoms are (APHONIA), whining cry, CYANOSIS, difficulty in breathing and even death in a few hours.

Infantile beriberi

Type of beriberi: Is resultant of high carbohydrate intake along with strenuous exercise Characterized by : • EDEMA of both lower extremities which progress upwards to body cavities such as abdomen and chest. • TACHYCARDIA • Shortness of breath with activity • Enlarged HEART.

Wet beriberi

Type of beriberi: Is associated with energy deprivation and inactivity characterized by: ✔ mental confusion ✔ peripheral neuropathy ✔muscular wasting with loss of function ✔ paralysis of the lower extremities.

Dry beriberi

-a cerebral form of beriberi that affects the nervous system. -may cause the loss of memory, extreme mental confusion, and ataxia exhibited by persons with chronic excessive alcohol ingestion. is a type of brain disorder caused by a lack of vitamin B-1, or thiamine

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)

Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis/ mnemonic:

COAT RACK

Wernicke's encephalopathy:

COAT: C- confusion O- ophthalmoplegia A- ataxia T- thiamin deficiency

Korsakoff's Psychosis:

RACK: R- retrograde amnesia A- Anterograde amnesia C- Confabulation K- Korsakoff's psychosis

Thiamine requirement or allowance:

• RDA: 1.2 mg (men) & 1.1 mg (women) • The amount of thiamine required increases as the metabolic rate increases. • The amount of thiamine required increases as the metabolic rate increases. • Those engaged in rigorous physical activity burn more energy, so they require more energy.

Vitamin B2:

Riboflavin

It operates as a vital coenzyme factor in both energy production and tissue protein building.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): function:

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA:

1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg for women

Vitamin B2: Plant sources:

❖Broccoli ❖asparagus, ❖dark leafy greens ❖whole grains, ❖enriched breads and cereals.

• a word that is used to describe foods to which vitamins and minerals have been added back to a food after refining process that caused a loss of some nutrients;

Enriched

Vitamin B2 Animal sources:

❖Dairy products ❖Meats ❖Fish ❖Poultry ❖Eggs

Caution: Riboflavin is sensitive to what?

Light and irradiation it is destroyed by ultraviolet light and sunlight

Ariboflavinosis or riboflavin deficiency causes:

Corneal vascularization Dermatitis Glossitis Cheilosis Anemia, erythroid hypoplasia

Ariboflavinosis: •-a term used for fissures in the skin at the angles of the mouth. •-these cracks in the skin may be painful and often become infected.

Cheilosis

Ariboflavinosis: •- is inflammation or infection of the tongue. •- causes the tongue to swell and change color.

Glossitis

Ariboflavinosis: -An inflammation of the skin that exhibits a greasy, scaling appearance, • - Typically involves the cheeks and the areas behind the ears.

Seborrheic dermatitis

• Function: It is involved as a coenzyme for many enzymes, especially those involved in energy metabolism. • as a treatment for High Cholesterol. • High-dose niacin supplements can improve blood lipid profiles • At doses of 1500 mg per day, it decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels • However, patient with CV diseases who tale a statin medication do not benefit further from supplemental niacin; thus it is not recommended to take both

Niacin B3

Niacin B3: average RDA:

• 2-12 mg a day for children • 14 mg a day for women • 16 mg a day for men • 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast- feeding women

• The deficiency disease caused by a lack of dietary niacin and an inadequate amount of protein that contains the amino acid tryptophan, which is precursor of niacin. • It is characterized by skin lesions that are aggravated by sunlight as well as by GI, mucosal, neurologic, and mental symptoms.

Pellagra

Pellagra, aniacin (avitaminosis of Vitamin B3 or Niacin) deficiency is characterized by:

4 "D's": Diarrhea Dermatitis Dementia Death

Pellagra: 4 "D's": •A symmetrical scaly rash occurs only on skin exposed to the sun. •Skin is dry scaly and cracked. • In acute stages, pellagra resembles severe sunburn; in later stages, affected areas become darkly pigmented. Lesions occur in the same places on both sides of the body.

Dermatitis

Pellagra: 4 "D's": •Damage to the GI tract affects digestion, absorption, and excretion of food, leading to glossitis, vomiting and diarrhea.

Diarrhea

Pellagra: 4 "D's": As the CNS becomes affected in severe deficiencies, confusion, anxiety, insomnia and paranioa develop.

Dementia

฀ The Niacin in ??? is in a bound form unavailable for absorption. ฀People in the southern United States and parts of Europe relied on ??? as a staple food, and ??? is notoriously low in niacin. ฀ More than 3 Million cases of pellagra resulted in 100,000 deaths between 1900 and 1940

Corn

• Functions: • Acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino acids and proteins, fatty acids and carbohydrate. • Involve in the formation of neurotransmitters and are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. • Is essential for the hemoglobin synthesis. • It is required for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.

Pyridoxine (B6)

Pyridoxine (B6): Average RDA:

1-2 mg day

Pyridoxine (B6): deficiencies:

Dermatitis, altered nerve function, weakness, poor growth, convulsions, and microcytic anemia (small red blood cells deficient in hemoglobin.)

Pyridoxine (B6): Toxicity:

Ataxia, sensory neuropathy (for long-term supplementation in megadoses gram quantities)

• Function: Is required for the synthesis of amino acids and for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It also forms the heme portion of the hemoglobin. • Average RDA:50-200 mcg/day

Folate

Deficiency in pregnant women: NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS: •-is a congenital defect of the spinal column that causes the spinal cord to be unprotected. •-Results in range of disabilities including paralysis and incontinence.

Spina bifida

3 most common types of spina bifida: A defect of the backbone (spine) and spinal cord

Myelomeningocele

3 most common types of spina bifida: sac protruding from the spinal column

Meningocele

3 most common types of spina bifida: backbone (spine) does not fully form during pregnancy

Spina bifida occulta

Deficiency in pregnant women: NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS: •-a congenital defect in which brain does not develop, death occurs shortly after birth.

Anencephaly

Childbearing age: Should take how many/much of synthetic folic acid to reduce the risks of birth defects? Pregnant women should also take?

Childbearing age should take 400 mcg/day of synthetic folic acid to reduce the risks of birth defects. Pregnant women should take 600 mcg/day

฀ A form of anemia characterized by large red blood cells that cannot carry oxygen properly.

Megaloblastic anemia

Function: • It has a role in folate metabolism by modifying folate coenzymes to active forms to support metabolic functions, including the synthesis of DNA and RNA. • It is required for the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. • It helps develop and maintain the myelin sheaths that surrounds and protect the nerve fibers. RDA: 1-2 mcg/day • Toxicity: none reported. • Both Vitamin and the intrinsic factor must be present for absorption.

Cobalamin (B12)

•- It is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract •- Caused by destroyed gastric parietal cells that produce the intrinsic factor; without intrinsic factor in the stomach, Vitamin B12 can not be absorbed.

Pernicious Anemia (from B12 deficiency)

Reduction in production of intrinsic factor by the stomach mucosa in older people. •Damage to the spinal cord •Due to the breakdown of myelin sheath synthesis that affects the brain, optic and peripheral nerves.

B12 deficiency

• Function: It assists in the transfer of carbon dioxide from one compound to another, playing an important role in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. • Average RDA: 30-100 mcg/day • Toxicity: None reported. • Dietary Sources Food sources of biotin include nuts, cheese, spinach, salmon, mushrooms, broccoli, beef liver and chicken. • Deficiency: Rare.

Vit. B7 Biotin

฀ Is rare but has been produced by consumption of large amounts of AVIDIN, a protein found in raw egg whites that binds with biotin. ฀ One would need to consume many raw egg whites for this to occur.

Biotin deficiency

• Function: 1.Part of coenzyme A, essential for many chemical reactions, therefore required for metabolism of CHO,CHON and fat. 2. Synthesis of AAs, fatty acids cholesterol, steroid hormones & hemoglobin. • Average RDA: 4-7 mcg/day • Deficiency: Is not likely except in cases of a deficiency of all the B vitamins.

Vit. B5 Pantothenic acid

• It is needed for the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, and lecithin, the phospholipid. • acetylcholine = a neurotransmitter associated with attention, learning and memory, muscle control, and many other functions. • Average RDA: 425 mg/day (women) 550 mg/day(men) Keeps the healthy function of our brain & nervous system. helps form the membranes of our cells. help our muscles counteract. helps the transport of fats & cholesterol in the body. Balances levels of hemocysteine in the blood.

Choline

A neurotransmitter associated with attention, learning and memory, muscle control, and many other functions.

Acetylcholine

Are good sources of choline

Eggs

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Chemical and Physical nature:

A.1. Water soluble acid, easily oxidized, unstable A.2. Other animals can synthesize Vitamin C from glucose but humans lack the necessary specific enzymes

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Absorption and Storage:

• B.1. Easily absorbed from small intestine • B.2. Not stored in tissue depots; distributed to tissue saturation levels in general circulation, remainder being excreted; • large amounts present in adrenal tissues

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Physiologic Function:

Antioxidant and co-enzyme, collagen synthesis, amino acid metabolism; may have the role in reducing the risk of cancer(stomach, esophagus and colon)

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Average RDA :

90 mg for men & 75mg for women. Recommendations vary worldwide: a minimum of 10 mg-to prevent symptoms of scurvy.

฀ The metabolic use of smokers is twice as that of non smokers. ฀Recommend that clients who smoke consume ??? rather than 90 mg of Vitamin C daily.

125 mg

Signs and symptoms of scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency, Ascorbic acid avitaminosis)

Pale skin, Loss of teeth, sunken eyes. also gingival hemorrhage, corkscrew hair- pinpoint bleeding around hair follicles, periungual hemorrhage- include pinpoint bleeding under the nails, Bruising and hemorrhages

Vitamins that are absorbed together with fat from the intestine, and into the bloodstream.

Fat-soluble vitamins

• Vision- Light-dark Vision; Color vision • Health of Other Cells • Growth, Development and reproduction • Cardiovascular Disease Prevention • Cancer Prevention

Vitamin A

Is the chemical name of Vitamin A Because of its major function in the retina of the eye.

Retinol

• Dim-light photoreceptor in the retina •Is formed from retinal, a vitamin A substance, and opsin, a protein. •Is commonly known as the visual purple • an essential part of the pigment of the eye to be able to adjusts to light variations

Rhodopsin