TETANUS AND BOTULISM
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33 questions
| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| THE leading cause of neonatal mortality, also known as a silent killer since infants die before birth is recorded? | Neonatal tetanus |
| A spore forming, gram pos , relatively large, rod shaped anaerobic bacteria, found in soil and intestine and feces of various animals? | CLOSTRIDIUM Tetani |
| Tetanus is an infection caused by? | Clostridium Tetani |
| The pathogenicity of C. Tetani is in the exotoxins they produced. these toxins include? | 1)Tetanus toxin/ tetanospasmin 2) tatanolysin: the fuct of which is unknown. |
| Mode of Infection with | 1) entry body via wounf 2) stays in sporutlated form until anaerobic conditions are availble 3) under anaerobic conditions, germination and production of tetanospasmin 4) tetanospasmin spread via blood and lymphatics and binds to m. neurons 5) travel via axons to spinal cord 6) binds to site responsible for skeletal muscle contraction INHIBITION |
| Tetanus infection occur via? | Wound, burns, deep puncture, ear/dental infection, animal bites, abortion |
| Seizures, muscle spasms, lockjaw, contraction of facial muscle fast pulse, fever and sweating | Symptoms of tetanus infection |
| Incubation period of T. infection | 3-21 days with an average of 8 days. |
| Types of Tetanus infection? | Uncommon types : local and cephalic common types: generalised and neonatal |
| The type of tetanus that is milder and involves muscle contraction in the same anatomical area of injury. | Local tetanus |
| Descending pattern: lockjaw, stiff neck, diff. swallowing, rigid abdomen, back muscle spasm. death can occur when spasm interferes with respiration | Generalised tetanus |
| Neonatal tetanus is a form of generalised tetanus that infect neonates. this infection occurs in baby via? | Non immune mothers. occurs via infection of unhealed umbilical stump cut with unsterile instrument. |
| Diagnosis of c. tetanus is difficlut in culture since 2/3 is neg for c. tetanus. other diagnositic test include | Tetanus antibody: r/o meningitis, rabies |
| Treatment of C. tetanus infection | Kill c. tetani with penicillin/ tetracycline. neutralize toxin with tetanus immune globulin. immunity does not result after disease |
| To prevent T. infection, vaccination is advised. the vaccine and admistration include? | Tetanus toxoid( Td) if recovering from infection. DTaP vaccine: give to children. however if older than 7, give only Td. administer booster every 10 yrs. |
| THE most poisinous substance known, one aerosolised gram can kill 1 million people? | Botulin: can be released as aerosol or contaminant in food. can include expensive long term care. |
| Gram pos, rod shaped, spore forming organism that can last for up to 30 yrs | Clostridium Botulinum. |
| There are 7 types of botulism. types A-G, infection of mammals occurs in? | ABE and F: human illness C and D: birds and mammals G: unknown |
| Types of botulism | Food bourne, intestinal (infant/children and adults) wound, inhaled. |
| The pathology of each type of botulism occurs in different time frame, which are? | Ingestion: unknown food bourne: 6- 8 hrs wound: 4-14 days inhalation: 24-36hrs |
| Mode of action of botulism | 1)toxin enters blood stream 2) binds to peripheral nerve endings 3) inhibits release of Ach. thus preventing muscle contraction |
| Symptoms of Botulism infection | Symmetrical descending paralysis beginning with cranial nerves resuting in airway obstruction/ paralysis of respiratory muscles. |
| Prolonged ventilatory support and intensive care can result in secondary complication of ? | Botulism infection |
| Transmission of botulism occurs? | Home canned goods (food bourne) honey ( ingested) crush injuries, injection drug use (wound) |
| Concerning botulism, it is recommended that honey is not given to infants <12 months because? | Honey may contai spores of Botulism which can cause ingestion botulism in infants |
| Symptoms of botulism poisoning | Double/ blurred vision drooping eyelids slurred speech difficulty swallowing. most patient are afebrile and alert |
| Symptoms botulism infection ininfants | Weak cry, poor feeding, constipation , poor muscle tone, floppy baby syndrome |
| Treatment of botulism? | Antitoxin administration. supply ventilation care, body positioning and parenteral nutrition. elimination: induce vomiting, high enemas |