The brain psychology
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| Which memory task is more realistic, remembering a story or a trigrams? | Remembering a story is a more realistic task, so the results can be applied to explain to reconstructive nature of memory in real life. |
| Bartlett didn't control the time intervals between reading and retelling the story, why is this a problem? | It is difficult to make a valid comparisons between participants |
| What type of data did Bartlett collect? | Collected qualitative data |
| Strength of Bartlett study? | Realistic task - Participants had to read and retell a story from memory, the results of this can be applied to explain reconstructive memory in everyday life. |
| A weakness of Bartlett study? | Lack of control - Didn't control the time in between reading and retelling the story. The results of the study is affected by the difference in time intervals, difficult to make accurate comparisons |
| Strength of Bartlett study? | Replicated procedure many times - Tested with multiple different stories and pictures, found same tendencies to change. Demonstrates that the findings of the study are consistent. |
| Weakness of Bartlett study? | Using qualitative data - Bartlett recorded the retelling of stories and then had to look for and interpret the changes made. This meant that Bartlett could have interpreted the stories in light of his own theory. |
| What is active reconstruction? | A memory that is not an exact copy of what you experience, but a reconstruction of the event that has been influenced by your schema. |
| What are schema's? | An organised system of information or knowledge that we have on a particular event or situation. They develop on personal experience and influence how we perceive and remember. |
| What is familiarisation? | Changing unfamiliar details so that they fit our own schema. |
| What is omissions ? | When we leave our detail |
| What is rationalisation? | Adding detail to give more meaning to something that may not have fitted their original schema. |
| What is transformations? | When details are changed |
| Is Bartlett's study more holistic or reductionist? | It is more holistic because he is focusing on a memory as a whole rather than a specific feature of memory like duration. He also looks at a range of factors. |
| What is visual agnosia? | Disorder where an individual has normal vision but they are impaired in their ability to interpret what they are seeing. |
| Example of visual agnosia? | Can see the apple but but unable to correctly name the apple or even the colour |
| Symptoms of visual agnosia? | -Not able to recongnise the colour of object -Not able to recongnise object and name them -Not able to recongnise places familiar to them |
| What is prosopagnosia? | Face-blindness, the inability to recongnise faces even though they can be seen normally, even if they are very familiar like partner/children |
| What must be damaged to get prosopagnosia? | The Fusiform Face Area (FFA) which is near the back of the temporal lobe. |
| Symptoms of prosopagnosia? | -Difficulty identifying people from their face -Seeing all faces as 'the same' -Unable to recongnise familiar faces or difficulty matching pictures of faces they don't know. |
| Which hemisphere is more dominant in women and why? | Left hemisphere, which controls language functions which explain why women are better at languages than men |
| What hemisphere is more dominant in men and why? | Right hemisphere, this controls spatial awareness, this explains why men are better at spatial awareness skills |
| Why are women better at tasks that include both hemispheres? | They have a thicker corpus callosum which allows for better communication between the 2 hemispheres |
| Who did better in the mental rotation test? | Women did just as well as men in this test, this was found by Rilea et al. 2005 |
| Who did better in the water level test? | Men did better than women in the water level test, this was found by Rilea etl al. 2005 |
| What is the Broca's area? | It is located in the left side of the frontal lobe and it is associated with language function |
| What did Harasty el al (1997) find about the Broca's area? | It was predominantly larger in women which explains why women are usually better than men at languages. |
| Strength of the differences in lateralisation? | It it supported by studies of brain structures, for example with Harasty el al study, they saw that the Broca's area is predominantly larger in women |
| How does Harasty support the difference in lateralisation? | Supports the idea that women are better than men at languages because they left hemisphere is more dominant |
| Another support evidence of the differences in lateralisation? | Rilea found that men did better at the water task than women which supports the idea that men are better than women at spatial awareness task which shows that they are right hemisphere dominant. |
| What is a non conclusive research of the difference in lateralisation ? | The other Rilea experiment shows that women are just as good as men in the mental rotation task. This shows that women can perform certain spatial awareness task just as well as men. This challenges the idea that there are sex differences in the right hemisphere. |
| What is participant observation? | It is when the observer is involved in the group that they are observing |
| What is non-participant observation? | The observer watches and records the behavior of the group without being actively involved. |
| What is covert observation? | Participants are unaware that they are being observed |
| What is overt observation? | When participants know that they are being observed |
| What is naturalistic observation? | An observation that is conducted in an everyday environment where the behavior that is being studied is normally seen. |
| What is controlled observation? | An observation carried out in a controlled or labatory environment |
| What is inter-rater reliability ? | When more than one observer codes behavior and their results are checked for consistency. |
| Strength of observations? | The reliability can be checked by inter-rater reliability as long as both observers use the same checklist. |
| Weakness of observations? | The observed behavior may not be clearly defined on the checklist / or the observer is not trained properly and this could lead to invalid results. |
| Strength of naturalistic observation? | Takes place in a natural setting and no manipulation by observer means high ecological validity. |
| Weakness of naturalistic observation? | Observers may interpret the behavior in different ways, so the results are subjective |
| Strength of controlled observation? | Due to the control of extraneous variables, should produce valid results |
| Weakness of controlled observation? | Lack ecological validity due to the artificial nature of the controlled environment |
| Strength of non-participant observation? | Easier to record behavior covertly seeing as the observers are not participating, the results should be valid |
| Weakness of non-participant observation? | More objective as they are not involved in the situation, only looking in |
| Weakness of participant observation? | Observer can become too involved, the results can be affected by observer bias |
| Weakness of participant observation? | Ppt's can change their behavior if they know they are being observed, this can effect the validity of the results. |
| What is the brainstem? | Part of the brain that connects the spinal cord to the upper brain |
| What is the cerebrum? | The largest part of the brain where higher processing happens, it includes the upper cortex. |
| What is the cortex? | The outer layer of the brain |
| What is the spinal cord? | A pathway of nerves inside the spine which connects the brain to the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous system |
| What is hemisphere? | Half of the brain, if we look down from the top, right hemisphere is on the right side and the left hemisphere is on the left |
| What is the frontal lobe in charge of? | Important role in decision making and impulse control Helps control problem solving skills, helps us concentrate and pay attention |
| What is the temporal lobe in charge of? | Helps with hearing, understanding sound and speech and creating speech Both processing and producing sound-based information Areas in the temporal lobe can control memory functions |
| What is the cerebellum in charge of? | Plays vital role in movement, coordination and balance Takes information from different senses, spinal cord and other part of the brain and combines them to coordinate behavior. |
| What is the occipital lobe in charge of? | Helps with ability to see and process visual information from our eyes and helps make sense of the information Often called the visual cortex seeing as it main job is to control all things related to processing visual information. |
| What is the parietal lobe in charge of? | Plays in ability to understand the world around us (perception) Recognising faces Helps to work out the face to someone we already know. It also is responsible for our sense of touch. |
| What GABA? | Helps to calm us down when we are stressed and relieves anxiety |
| What is serotonin? | Plays a role in mood, low serotonin has been found with those who suffer from depression |
| What is dopamine? | Plays a role in attention and learning, low dopamine can lead to difficulties concentrating. Also important int erms of pleasure and addiction. |
| What is the corpus callosum? | Thick bundle of nerve fibers connection the 2 hemispheres of the brain so that they can communicate with each other |
| What does the right hemisphere control? | The movement on the left side of the body |
| What does the left hemisphere control? | The movement on the right side of the body |
| What does the right hemisphere in charge of? | Creativity Emotion Spatial awareness Art Music |
| What is the left hemisphere in charge of? | Logic Impulse facts Language Organisation Maths Science |
| A strength of the Damasio study? | It was used by making modern technology, using a software to create a virtual 3D replica of Gage's skull. This makes it more objective evidence of the damaged skull rather than subjective inferences of his doctor. Gives more of a scientific understanding. |
| A strength of the Damasio study? | The results can be used to make predictions about how the behavior may change if the frontal lobe was damaged. This could help doctors and the victim's family members understand what is happening to the patient and why. This means it can be usefully applied to understand the effects of brain damaged irl. |
| A weakness of the Damasio study? | They sued information that has been collected over 150 years ago in their investigation. They used the doctors report from after the accident. This means that the data is subjective and they cannot be sure if it was accurate. Conclusions may lack validity |
| A weakness of the Damasio study? | Small sample and unrepresentative. Phineas Gage is a unique case of brain damage, this accident may not happen in the present day. His behavior may be different to other people with frontal lobe damage. Results may lack generalisablity to others who have experienced different types of frontal lobe damage . |
| What did Damasio find about the left and right hemisphere of the frontal lobe? | They were likely to be damaged and were confident that the damage was localised to this area and no other parts of the brain. |
| What did Damasio find about the white matter? | Is were all the neurons pass their messages along the axon fibers, therefore the damage in this area would result in not being able to send of receive neural messages. |
| What did Damasio find about the different areas of damage to the frontal lobe? | Worse in the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe (entry point) compared tot eh dorsolateral region of the frontal lobe (exit point) |
| What was the conclusion about the ventromedial area of the frontal lobe? and how did they find this out? | It was important for decision making and controlling impulsive behaviors as well as controlling emotions. They compared the damaged brain area to the reported changes in Gage's behaviour. |
| How were the findings of Damasio supported? | Other patients with damage to the same area of the brain showed similar characteristics that Gage had after is accident. |