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level: Consciousness

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Consciousness

Question	Answer
an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation	consciousness
state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert	waking consciousness
natural cycles of activity that the body must go through	biological rythyms
a daily (24 hour) cycle of activity observed in many living organisms (like sleep-wake cycle)	circadian rhythm
area in hypothalamus sensitive to light, orders pineal gland to secrete or stop melatonin & controls body temperature	suprachiasmatic nucleus
(explains when) animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active	adaptive theory
(explains why) necessary to physical health of body and senses to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage	restorative theory
medical instrument that records electric currents generated by the brain	electroencephalograph
smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity	beta waves
indicates a state of relaxation or light sleep	alpha waves
indicating early stages of sleep	theta waves
long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep	delta waves
rare disorder where mechanism that blocks movement of voluntary muscles fails, allowing person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares	REM Behavior disorder (RBD)
relatively rare disorder where person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without fully waking (NREM)	night terrors
during deep sleep (N3) moving or walking around, can be hereditary. more likely with recent sleep loss	sleepwalking
an inability to sleep; chronic sleeplessness	insomnia
believed dreams to be a wish fulfillment stemming from buried childhood conflicts/events. context of dream = manifest content	freud's interpretation of dreams
evidence that dreams are products of activity in the pons. Random signals sent to areas of cortex that interprets vision, hearing, etc. Brain synthesizes info with memories or stored info	activation synthesis theory dreams
content of dreams in meaningful, consistent over time, fits in past/present emotional concerns. Uses bits & pieces from last few days	activation-information mode (AIM) dreams
by Calvin Hall. Studied 10k dreams, believed dreams are just another type of cognitive process. Most dreams are normal occurrences.	Cognitive theory of dreaming
a state that resembles sleep but that is induced by suggestion	hypnosis
hypnosis only worked on immediate conscious mind and other part of mind is "hidden observer"	hypnosis as disassociation
social-cognitive theory that assumes people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state just merely playing a role expected of them in the situation	hypnosis social role-playing
condition when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug	physical dependence drugs
"reward pathway" neural track that begins at midbrain area, above pons in area called VTA, connects to limbic system structures like amgdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens, continues to middle of prefrontal cortex	mesolimbic pathway
dopamine	addictive drugs release
built by immense amount of dopamine released, brain decreases number of synapse receptors	drug tolerance
drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system	stimulants
a drug that reduces excitability and calms a person, decrease functioning of nervous system	depressant
a central nervous system stimulant that increases energy and decreases appetite; used to treat narcolepsy and some forms of depression and ADHD	amphetamine
a narcotic stimulant extracted from coca leaves; used as a surface anesthetic or taken for pleasure; can become powerfully addictive	cocaine
depressant drugs with sedative effect (major tranquilizer). Unsafe in large doses or with alcohol or other drugs, addictive	barbituates
used as tranquilizers or sedatives or muscle relaxants; chronic use can lead to dependency.Lowers anxity and reduces stress (mild tranquilizer) Ex. Valium, xanax, ativan, librium, rohypnol	benzodiazepine
depressant that gives the illusion of a stimulant. Depresses a person's natural inhibitations. Indirectly stimulates GABA (brain's major depressant)	alcohol
depressant that suppresses the sensation of pain by stimulating the NS' natural receptor sites for endorphins (opiod receptors)	opiates
an addictive narcotic extracted from seed capsules of the opium poppy. pain relieving and euphoria inducing. mimics endorphins so body slows/stops production	opium
an alkaloid narcotic drug extracted from opium; a powerful, habit-forming narcotic used to relieve severe pain	morphine
a narcotic that is considered a hard drug; a highly addictive morphine derivative; intravenous injection provides the fastest and most intense rush	heroin
synthetic narcotic drug similar to morphine but less habit-forming; used in narcotic detoxification and maintenance of heroin addiction	methadone
an oral antagonist against the action of opiates	naltrexone
is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain	buprenorphine
a psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or altered sensory experiences	hallucinogen
a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid	LSD
drugs that produce a mixture of psycho motor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects	stimulatory hallucinogenic drugs
a drug used as an anesthetic by veterinarians; illicitly taken (originally in the form of powder or `dust') for its effects as a hallucinogen (hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkilling based on dosage)	PCP
causes large release of seratonin in large amounts, blocks reuptake of neurotransmitter. technically amphetamine (still hallucinogen). can damage serotonin receptors, causing depression.	mdma (ecstasy)