| what does arteries do to the blood | takes blood away from heart |
| three types of arteries | elastic, muscular, arterioles |
| what does veins do to blood | takes blood to the heart |
| three types of veins | venules, small, medium, and large veins |
| what can capillaries do | can exchange substances with tissue |
| arteris, veins, and capillaries are all types of what | blood vessels |
| capillaries are the smallest vessels | true |
| what type of vessels are large and small veins and what do they do | capacitance vessels, storage of blood |
| what type of vessels are capillaries and what do they do | exchange vessels, exchange of nutrients, gases and waste with tissue |
| what type of vessels are arterioles and what do they do | resistance vessels, they constrict and dialte to adjust blood pressure |
| what type of vessels are muscular arteries and what does it do | distributing vessels,constrict and dialte to adjust blood pressure |
| what continuous passage does the muscular arteris have | from heart to blood vessels to tissue back to blood vessel and to heart |
| elastic arteries have what type of vessels | conducting vessles for blood pressure |
| characteristics of continuous capillary | least permeable and most common, no gaps between endothelial cells |
| continuous capillary is most common in | skin and muscle |
| fenestrated capillary are | large fenestrations increase permeabillity and are permeable to large molecules |
| what special location does fenestrated capillary occur | kidney and small intestines |
| fenestrations are | pores |
| sinusoidal capillary occurs in special locations like | liver, bone marrow, spleen, endocrine glands |
| sinusoidal capillary allows... | passage of large molecules and cells |
| sinusoidal capillary is most permeable | true |
| what are the structures of capillary beds | metarteriole (scattered smooth muscles), thoroughfare channels |
| how many exchanged vessels per capillary bed | 10-100 |
| what are three tunics that can be found in blood vessels | tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa (adventitia) |
| what does the endothelium line in the tunica intima | surface of the lumen |
| what type of tissue is the endothelium | simple squamous epithelium |
| what type of membrane is the tunica intima in the arteries | internal elastic membrane |
| what type of muscle is the tunica media | smooth muscle |
| does tunica media have external elastic membrane | in some arteries |
| what does the sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control and what does it cause in the tunica media | controls smooth muscles, causing vasocontriction and vasodilation |
| in the tunica externa or adventita, what is vasa vasorum | blood vessles that nourish blood vessels |
| what type of layer is the tunica intima | endothelium subendothelial layer |
| what type of fibers does tunica externa have | collegen fibers |
| what makes veins different from arteries | veins have a larger lumen and less elastic tissue which makes it collapse more easily |
| elastic arteries, another name is | conducting arteries |
| elastic arteries is the largest or smallest diameter | largest |
| characteristics for elastic arteries | has more elastic fibers less muscle, dont contrict or dilate but recoiled when strectched |
| what size is the muscular arteries | medium to small |
| muscular arteries have thick or thin muscular walls | thick |
| do muscular arteries constrict and dilate, if so for what | yes, to regulate flow of blood to different area |
| small muscular arteries are specially adapted for what | vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| arterioles can | vasoconstrict and vasodilate |
| how many micrometers is venules | 50 |
| what type of exchange can occur in venules and with what | nutrient exchange with tissue |
| small veins have | 0.2-0.3 mm size of larger vessels |
| larger small veins contains.... made by what | valves made by endothelium |
| medium and large veins contains | valves made by endothelium |
| what does portal veins do | connect capillary networks |
| what does hepatic portal veins do | carry blood from gastoinestinal and spleen to dilated sinous capillaries in liver |
| hypothalmohypophysical portal system does what | carries blood from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary |
| when aging or arteries happen where does the changes occur | aorta, carotids, and coronary arteries |
| what is arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries creating resistance to blood flow and increasing blood pressure |
| what does pre capillary sphincters do | regulate blood flow |
| atherosclerosis is | a form of arteriosclerosis |
| what forms plaque in atherosclerosis | deposit of material in walls of arteries |
| what are plaque made of | lipids, calcium deposit, smooth muscle cells, and WBC'S |
| what can occur in atherosclerosis | thrombosis and ebolism |
| thrombosis and embolism are both | blood clots |
| what is blood pressure | measure of force blood exerts against walls of blood vessels |
| what is pressure measured in | millimeters of mercury (mmHg) |
| what measures blood pressure | sphygmomanometer |
| korotkoff sound is what type of blood pressure | systolic blood pressure |
| no sound is what type of blood pressure | diastolic blood pressure |
| what is blood flow | is the continuous circulation of blood in the cardiovascular system |
| what area does blood always flow from | area of higher pressure to lower pressure |
| the greater the pressure difference | the greater the rate of flow which means the faster blood flows |
| what are facters that affect resistance | length of blood vessels, diameter of blood vessles, viscosity of blood |
| can length of blood vessels be changed | no |
| can diameter of blood vessel be changed | yes |
| can viscosity of blood be changed | yes |
| diameter has vasoconstriction which | decreases blood flow by increasing resistance |
| diameter of blood vessel has vasodilation which | increases blood flow by dreasing resistance |
| what has the greatest effect on viscosity | red blood cells |
| increased viscosity increases what | workload of the heart |
| in vasoconstriction, volume of blood flowing through the area decreses or increases | decreases |
| pulse pressure is the difference between what two pressures | diastolic and systolic pressure |
| what are factors affecting pulse pressure | SV, compliance |
| what is compliance | ability of blood vessels to stretch |
| veins are compliance vessels | true |
| veins store what | blood |
| 84% of total blood volume is found in what | systemic circulation |
| 16% of the 84% of total blood volume is found | circulating through the heart and lung |
| 64% of the 84% of total blood volume is found in | veins |
| 15% of the 84% of total blood volume is found | in arteries |
| 5 % of the 84% of the total blood volume is found | in capillaries |
| what is capillary exchange | movemen of substances in and out of capillaries |
| what are the substances moved in the capillary exchange | oxygen, water , CO2, nutrients, waste |
| exchange of substances between capillaries and tissue are due to | diffusion and pressure |
| what is diffusion | substances move back and forth followung a concentration gradient |
| pressure is | another means of exchange |
| what is NFP and what does it stand for | net filtration pressure is the force pushing fluids out of the capillaries into tissue |
| net hydrostatic pressue equals to | blood pressure |
| NFP is the difference between | NHP and NOP (osmotic pressure) , NFP=NHP-NOP |
| which type of pressure keeps the fluids in | net osmotic pressure, NOP |
| what would cause a decrease in NOP which would also cause what | a decrease in albumin (liver disease, starvation), causinf an accumulation of fluid in tissue or edema |
| what is local control | what happens around localized tissue |
| what is nervous system control | sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation |
| hormonal control is | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| which organs do local control affects | with greatest blood flow like brain, kidneys, liver, skeletal muscle |
| what does control of blood flow through tissue rely on | capillaries sphincters |
| what does accumulation of metabolic waste in tissue causes | vasodilation of capillary bed |
| lack of oxygen in tissue causes | vasodilation of capillary beds |
| over time number of capillaries increases or decreases in active tissue | increase |
| sympathetoc enervation is less prominent in where | capillary beds, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain |
| sympathetic stimulation is more prominent in | peripheral blood vessels: GI tract, kidneys, spleen, skin |
| what is a vasomotor tone | slight constriction of peripheral blood vessels in response to sympathetic stimulation |
| where is vasomotor centers found in and what do they regulate | pons and medulla, regulate vasomotor tone |
| norepinephrine does what to vasoconstriction | increases vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels |
| baroreceptor and chemoreceptor are in the | aortic and carotic bodies |
| receptors found in the carotid sinus send signals to | vasomotors centers via CN IX |
| receptors found in the aortic sinus send signals to | vasomotor centers via CN X |
| an increase in blood pressure does what | stimulates the baroreceptors, send signals to CN IX and X |
| what is the response to increased blood pressue | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
| response to decrease blood pressure | ANH mechanism |
| angiotensin II effects | stimulates aldosterone secretion and ADH secretion |
| alsosterone increases Na retention in where that does what | in kidneys, which increases water retention and blood volume and pressuren |
| renin angiotensin aldosterone ADH mechanism response to what | decreased blood pressure |
| what happens if the ischemia occurs in the CNS | the reflex cant respond, then vasodilation happens causing low blood pressure which results in shock |
| adrenal medullary mechanism is activated by | substantial increase in sympathetic stimulation of heart and blood vessels |
| what causes the substantial increase in sympathetic stimulation in the adrenal medullary mechanism | large decrease in blood pressure, sudden and substantial increase in physical activity |
