| what are the regions of the central nervous system | brain and spinal cord are part of the central nervous system |
| function of the cerebellum and location | the function of the cerebellum is the planning & coordination of skeletal muscle & balance, located at the back of the brain |
| what are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum | frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, ‘insula all 5 lobes can be called the cerebral cortex |
| frontal lobe function of the cerebral cortex | the frontal lobes function is problem solving & judgment, motor function, speech |
| parietal lobe function of the cerebral cortex | the parietal lobe function is sensation, handwriting, speech, body positioning |
| temporal lobe function of the cerebral cortex | memory & hearing, speech |
| occipital lobe function of the cerebral cortex | Occipital – visual processing |
| insula function of the cerebral cortex | Insula – cognitive / emotive responses, associated with deeper thinking like empathy! |
| functions of the cerebral cortex | sensory, motor and integrative function |
| explain the sensory function of the cerebral cortex | senses are sent to this part of the cerebral cortex, this also works with the other regions of the brain to come up with a picture of what you are holding, example of this is holding an ice cube with your ice cubes with your eyes closed you would sense the coldness, texture and weight. |
| explain the motor function of the cerebral cortex | the motor function of the cerebral cortex is to send signals to motor organs through the somatic motor pathway |
| explain the integrative function of the cerebral cortex | the integrative function of the cerebral cortex is it involves your ability to write, speech/language and memory, the reticular activating system another function of the integrative section of the cerebral cortex |
| what is the reticular activating system (RAS) | RAS is the gate keeper in the brain where it process information that comes in and or doesn't . there is a lot happening around you but the RAS filters out unnecessary information |
| explain the limbic system of the brain | the limbic system Plays a key role in storage & recall of memory (STM / LTM), as well as making the link between emotions (or feelings) & memory |
| spinal messages can travel in 2 pathways | ventral and dorsal route |
| explain the ventral route in the spine | the ventral route where the signal travels from the brain to spinal cord to the motor neuron. meaning that this route is responsible for motor functions or so efferent pathway |
| explain the dorsal route in the spine | the dorsal route is where the signal travels from the spinal cord to the brain, an example of this is sensory eg touching a very hot surface, your sensory receptors on your skin would send a message through your neurons to the spine then to the sensory cortex |
| what are glia cells | there are 5 glia cells and there function is to support the neurons 4 are found in the central nervous system
how they support the neuron is Glia guide developing neurons to their destinations, buffer ions and chemicals that would otherwise harm neurons, and provide myelin |
| the 5 types of glia cells | astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, Oligodendrocytes and schwan cells |
| function of the glia cell 'astrocytes' | astrocytes contribute to energy metabolism and imbalances with ions in electrical activity |
| function of the glia cells 'microglia' | microglia are similar to macrophages, microglia remove damaged neurons |
| function of the glia cell 'ependymal cells' | ependymal cells line fluid cavities in the CNS |
| function of the glia cell 'Oligodendrocyte' | the function of the oligodendrocyte is to produce myelin which wrap around the axon of the neuron |
| function of the glia cell schwan cell the only glia cell foiund in the PNS | schwan cells also produce myelin myelin wraps tightly around each individual segment of the axon, forming a tight protective layer |
| function of myelin in the nervous system | the function of myelin is it makes the speed of the messaging faster |
| satellite cells function | satellite cells fcuntion is a protective layer around the myelin cells, it wraps around the myelin |
| what is a neuron? | neurons are cells that receive and transmit messages to the central nervous system and away from the central nervous system |
| function of a neuron | a neurons function is communication. they communicate by sending / receiving signals (messages). They may communicate with other neurons, glands, &/or muscles |
| function of the dendrites on the neuron | The many dendrites receive the message & transmit the message to the cell body |
| cell body of the neuron function | the cell body of the neuron sends the message along the cell body to the axon |
| function of the axon of the neuron | the axon then sends the message on to the synaptic knobs to allow get the message to the motor neuron and or another neuron |
| what are the 3 functional pathways a neuron is responsible for | afferent neurons sometime called sensory neurons , interneurons, and efferent neurons sometimes called motor neurons where the signal goes to the effector |
| interneuron meaning | interneuron is one of the three functional pathway and its function is conducts impulses from afferent to efferent neurons which is located in the CNS |
| explain the reflex arc | the reflex arc, receptors in the skin sense a stimulus and create an impulse, sensory neurons conduct the impulse towards the cns (brain and spinal cord) a singal neuron carries the message to the spinal entering the dorsal root, interneurons in the CNS connect sensory neurons to the motor neurons and these neurons carry the message to the effector muscle to carry out an action |
| what are the 5 parts of the reflex arc | receptor, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons and effectors |
| what is the purpose for most reflexes | the purpose of most reflexes is to protect the body from potentially harmful that require immediate actions |
| why are higher brain centers not involved in making reflex responses | involving higher brain regions would take too long, potentially exposing the body to risks |
| what is a synapse gap | synapse gap is the space in between neurons which can occur at various parts of the neurons but the most common areas is the cell body and dendrites |
| neurotransmitters, what are they? | neurotransmitters are what ensure that the message get across the synapse gap to the next neuron |
| where are neurotransmitters released from? | released from the vesicle by calcium and bind to specific receptors on the post synaptic cell |
| what is the receptor in the sympathetic nervous system | the receptor on the post synaptic cell is adrenergic receptor alpha or beta |
| what is the receptor in the parasympathetic nervous system | the receptor on the post synaptic cell is cholinergic receptor (nicotinic and muscarinic) |
| function of the axon hillock | the function of the axon hillock is to bring all the impulses from the dendrite and cell body to the axon body |
| function of the axon body | the function of the axon is it conducts the impulse through to the end of the neuron |
| how are neurotransmitters released | neurotransmitters are released by calcium, calcium enters the vesicles to open the channels allowing depolarisation to occur to get the message across when the message gets across repolarisation occurs causing K channels to open and leave the cell. the Na/K pump restores polarity |
| how does the Na/K pump restore polarity | for every 3Na 2K move across the membrane to restore polarity |
