| What is a sinus? | a sinus is a mucus lined cavity in bone that drain into nose |
| What is gas exchange? | diffusion of gases from higher concentration to lower concentration ( O2 and CO2) |
| What is the thoracic cavity? | the thoracic cavity is the 2nd largest hollow cavity in the body |
| What forms the sides and bottom of the thoracic cavity? | the lungs and heart |
| What is Boyle’s Law? | pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely related to volume |
| What does mmHg stand for? | millimeters of mercury |
| nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli | What are the parts of the respiratory anatomy |
| trap dirt and germs | What are the functions of the Nose? |
| swallowing, moving food from mouth to the esophagus (part of respiratory and digestive system) | What are the functions of the Pharynx? |
| voice box | What are the functions of the Larynx? |
| (windpipe) hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs | What are the functions of the Trachea? |
| extension of trachea that shuttle air to and from the lungs (highways for gas exchange) | What are the functions of the Bronchi? |
| ensures that incoming air is supplied to each alveolus | What are the functions of the Bronchioles? |
| exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream. | What are the functions of the Alveoli ? |
| Alveoli | Tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs sit at the very end of the respiratory tree and are arranged in clusters throughout the lungs |
| Larynx | a gateway for both food and air |
| Pharynx | leads to stomach and lungs, carries both food and air |
| frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses | what are the four sinuses in the skull |
| speech, also protects the airway from getting food trapped in it | What is the main function of your larynx |
| known as the voicebox | What is the common name for your larynx? |
| diffusion of gases from higher concentration to lower concentration ( O2 and CO2) | What is gas exchange? |
| gas exchange occurs in the alveoli | Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? |
| gas exchange, increase surface area, make lung spongy like | Why are the alveoli surrounded by capillaries? |
| 3 lobes | How many lobes are on RIGHT side of the lung? |
| 2 lobes | How many lobes are on LEFT side of the lung? |
| intercostals expanding the ribs | What causes the thoracic cavity to expand during inhalation? |
| volume of the cavity increases, pressure decreases, so air from the outside (higher pressure) flows to the lungs (area of lower pressure) to balance it | Why does expanding the thoracic cavity cause air to flow into your lungs? |
| the volume of 1 breath (500ml of air) | What is tidal volume? |
| about 350ml gets to lungs, the rest fills up dead space in trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles | How much is the average tidal volume of a person? |
| maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration | What is the inspiratory reserve |
| the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostals shrink chest cavity | How do you exhale? |
| decreasing volume accounts for ⅓ of pressure pushing air out other ⅔ comes from cohesion and adhesion of water film on the surface of every alveolus (H BONDS) | What provides the pressure that pushes exhalation? |
| molecules sticking together | What is cohesion? |
| molecules sticking to water surface | What is adhesion? |
| Hydrogen bonds | What type of bond is responsible for cohesion and adhesion? |
| cohesion and adhesion | The water film on every alveolus has? |
| forced exhalation; volume of air that can be exhaled in addition to the tidal volume | What is the expiratory reserve? |
| whatever is left after forced exhalation | What is the residual volume? |
| quantity of gas dissolved in liquid portion is proportional to pressure and solubility | What is Henry’s Law? |
| governs diffusion of O2 into blood and CO2 out | Henry’s Law - how does it affect gas exchange? |
| damage to alveoli resulting in less surface area for gas exchang | What is emphysema? |
| smoking cigarettes paralyzes cilia allowing more toxins to get to the alveoli | How do you get emphysema? |
| inflamed lungs filled with fluid | What is pneumonia? |
| 1. microbial infection 2. chemical pneumonia 3. aspiration pneumonia | What are the 3 types of pneumonia discussed in class? |
| fluid in alveoli from weak heart causing blood build up in veins, leading to increase in BHP | What is pulmonary edema? |
| hemoglobin carries O2 in RBC’s | What molecule carries O2 in red blood cells? |
| each hemoglobin can carry up to 4 | What is the maximum number of O2 molecules this molecule can carry? |
| Hemoglobin must have iron (Fe) in order to carry O2 | What atom must this molecule have in order to carry O2 (and what is the chemical symbol for this atom)? |
| how much oxygen is being carried by the blood | What does oxygen saturation of blood mean? |
| saturation is less when the tissue is working harder | Would you expect blood to be saturated or unsaturated when it passes through tissue that is working hard? |
| if the lungs are not working well, you still get enough saturation to breathe | Why is it important that blood can be fully saturated at pressures in the 70, 80, 90 mmHg range? |
| the 20-30 mmHg range, tissue is starved for oxygen and it is important to get the oxygen quickly to those tissues | Why is it important that blood unsaturates relatively quickly at pressures in the 20-30 mmHg range? |
| Exercise and hard work causes muscles to make lactic acid, which causes the pH to go down, oxygen saturation in the blood goes down, pulling the oxygen out of the blood | How does pH affect blood saturation/How is this related to exercise and hard work? |
| increase in temperature means the muscles are working hard (exercise and hard work) and O2 saturation goes down. | How does temperature affect blood saturation? |
| CO2 binds to hemoglobin; as CO2 rises, O2 saturation goes down. If muscles are working harder, more O2, decrease in saturation | How does the level of CO2 affect blood saturation? |
| as temp goes up, saturation goes down/ as pH goes down, saturation goes down /as CO2 goes up, saturation goes down | How is blood saturation related to how much tissues are working? |
| dissolve in plasma / attached to hemoglobin /as bicarbonate (HCO3) from carbonic acid (H2CO3) | What are the 3 ways blood can carry CO2? |
| 7% dissolved in plasma / 23% attached to hemoglobin / 70% as bicarbonate (HCO3) from carbonic acid (H2CO3) | How much CO2 gets carried each way? |
| chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata for cerebrospinal fluid and in the aorta and the carotid arteries for blood | How does your body monitor levels of O2 and CO2? |
| medulla oblongata more strongly stimulated by high CO2 than O2 (yawning) | Is your body more sensitive to low levels of O2 or high levels of CO2? |
