| enzymes | allow chemical reactions to happen in the body quickly |
| hormones | act as messengers to tell other cells what to do (glucose/insulin) |
| all cells contain | DNA genes and stem cells |
| multiple cells make | tissue |
| lots of tissue makes | organs |
| mRNA | carries a copy of the DNA gene to the ribosome |
| tRNA | carries amino acid to the ribosome |
| mutation | any change in the sequence of DNA of an individual organism |
| mutagen | any substance or factor that can cause mutations |
| what substances cause mutations | radiation and chemicals |
| what are the three types of mutations | addition, deletion, substitution |
| what is deletion | when a base pair is missing from the sequence |
| what is addition | when one or more base pairs are added to the DNA |
| what is substitution | when a base pairs spot changes with another base pair |
| what are the possible effects of mutation | positive, negative, neutral |
| postive mutation | beneficial to the individual |
| negative mutation | harmful to individual |
| neutral mutation | no effect of the individual |
| what are chromosomes | one strand of DNA tightly packed together |
| DNA | double helix, blueprint for all cells |
| genes | one side of a DNA strand contains instructions to make specific proteins |
| how many bases are in a codon | three |
| what is a base | either Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine |
| what bases go together | A and T / G and C |
| what is a nucleotide | base, phosphate molecule and sugar molecule |
| what is the base attached to | sugar molecule |
| step 1 | nucleus receives chemical signal to make specific protien |
| step 2 | DNA message for small protein copied and turned into RNA |
| step 3 | RNA leaves through nuclear pore |
| step 4 | RNA message delivered to ribosome / protein made |
| step 5 | the made protein enters the E.R |
| step 6 | vesicle carries protein to Golgi body |
| step 7 | the Golgi body packages protein for transport out of cell |
| step 8 | vesicle carries protein to cell membrane |
| step 9 | protein released from cell |
| gene therapy | replace mutated part with healthy DNA (may effect patience immune system) |
