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level: Exam Two

Questions and Answers List

Bones, Muscle, Blood

level questions: Exam Two

Question	Answer
a muscle that draws a body part toward the median line	adductor
a muscle that draws a body part away from the median line	abductor
a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening	sphincter
gives body its shape and protects inner structures	skeleton
location of blood formation	medullary cavity
area of movement between two bones	Joint
part of the skull that surrounds the brain	neurocranium
part of the skull that makes up the face	viscerocranium
slightly movable joint in the vertebrae	modified symphysis
Shock absorber in between the vertebrae	intervertebral discs
only fibrocartilage	true symphysis
very flexible cartilage	hyaline cartilage
very strong cartilage	fibrocartilage
bones not on the median line - limbs	appendicular skeleton
bones along the median line	axial skeleton
bones that make up the shoulder - scapula, clavicle	pectoral girdle
bones that make up the pelvis - illium, ischium, pubis	pelvic girdle
cavity that articulates with the head of the femur	acetabulum
appears solid	compact bone
appears spongy	cancellous bone
growth plate in bones - allows growth in length	epiphyseal plate
surrounds bone - allows growth in diameter	periosteum
water - 25% - absorbs shock minerals - 45% - calcium and phosphorus organic matter - 30% - collagen	bone composition
bone stem cell - stimulated to differentiate	osteoprogenitor
bone builder - secretes collagen for matrix	osteoblasts
mature bone cells within the matrix	osteocytes
bone breaker - secretes digestive enzyme to reabsorb bone	osteoclasts
bone formation from tissue other than skeletal	heteroplastic
bone formation from cartilage	endochondral
bone formation without cartilage	intramembranous
pushes epiphysial away from diaphysis	proliferation
reshaping of bone in response to overloading	bone remodeling
ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus	excitability
ability of a muscle to be stretched	extensibility
ability of a muscle to bounce back to its original shape	elasticity
found in the repro. and resp. tracts and in blood vessels no visible striation and a central nucleus responsible for contraction of blood vessels	smooth muscle
found only in the heart striated with a central nucleus and intercalated disks responsible for making the heart contract	cardiac muscle
red, white, or intermediate not branched and has no intercalated disks responsible for moving the skeleton	skeletal muscle
least moveable end of a muscle	origin
most moveable end of a muscle	insertion
decreases joint angle	flexors
increases joint angle	extensors
basic functional unit of skeletal muscle	sarcomere
no action potential due to lack of ATP	contracture
specialized pacemaker cells controlled by the ANS	cardiac contractions
slower rate - less ATP - maintains tone with less energy	smooth contractions
muscle growth due to increase in muscle fiber cell size	hypertrophy
muscle growth due to increase in number of muscle fiber cells	hyperplasia
decrease in muscle size	atrophy
responsible for immune response	white blood cells
responsible for binding and transporting oxygen	red blood cells
responsible for clotting	platelets
liquid component of blood	serum
a leukocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm	granulocyte
fight infection - most common WBC	neutrophils
inflammation response	basophils
fight parasites	eosinophils
a leukocyte with few or no granules in its cytoplasm	agranulocyte
originate in bone marrow	monocytes
originate in lymph stem cells	lymphocytes
a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus	erythrocyte
the process of producing red blood cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow	erythropoiesis
low RBC count due to blood loss or low iron	anemia
high RBC count	polycythemia
prevention of blood loss	hemostasis
narrowing of damaged blood vessels	vasoconstriction
globular protein that binds and holds H2O	albumin
protein that aids in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infections	globulins
glycoprotein that stops excessive bleeding	fibrinogen