| What's the functional Group & Structures of Alcohols? | Functional Group = Hydroxyl group (-OH)
STRUCTURE (Cn H2n+1OH):
- Methanol: CH3OH
- Ethanol: C2H5OH
- Propanol: C3H7OH
- Butanol: C4H9OH |
| 5 conditions for fermentation. | 1)sugars dissolved in water, & mixed with yeast
2)air lock - allow CO2 out, stop air getting in. If air is present, oxygen oxidises ethanol = ethanoic acid (vinegary)
3)warm temp, 25-35°C
4) Yeast dies when ethanol concentration reaches 15%.
5) Apparatus to investigate fermentation in the lab: Yeast in sugar solution with vegetable oil on top in 1 tube(with cork on top), lime water in another, pipe links tubes together
key points:
- Anaerobic Process: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
- Yeast: A single celled fungus - provides enzymes needed for fermentation. Yeast cells too cold: slow fermentation, too hot: denatured enzymes
-Fermentation is v/ slow (takes days/weeks) |
| Condensation polymerisation Process | When 2 monomers react:
1) 2 monomers of different functional groups needed
2) A small molecule (usually water) produced as a by-product
3) Polyesters: Manmade or Biological
4) Making Polyester: monomer which has 2 hydroxyl groups (-OH) + another monomer which has 2 carboxylic groups (-COOH) |
| Describe the Condensation Polymerisation | 1) 2 monomers of different functional groups needed
2) A small molecule (usually water) produced as a by-product |
| Alkene Properties | - Unsaturated (C=C double bond)
- React w/ bromine water: orange/brown -> colourless (tests for a double C=C molecule)
STRUCTURE (Cn+H2n):
Ethene: C2H4
Propene: C3H6
Butene: C4H8 |
| What is the Functional Group & the Structures of Carboxylic acids? | Functional Group = Carboxyl group (-COOH)
STRUCTURES(CnH 2n+1COOH):
- Methanoic acid: HCOOH
- Ethanoic acid: CH3COOH
- Propaic acid: C2H5COOH
- Butanoic acid: C3H7COOH |
| Amino Acids 3 Features | 1) 2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: -NH2 & -COOH
2) Amino Acids are polymerised in cells to make polypeptides and proteins
3) Amino Acids react by condensation polymerisation so for every monomer which is added to the growing polymer chain, one molecule of water is also produced |
| What's the equation for Incomplete & Complete Combustion of Alcohols | - Complete Combustion: ethanol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
(C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O)
- Incomplete Combustion: produces water + carbon monoxide or carbon |
| What happens when Alcohol's React With Sodium? | - bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced and the liquid contains sodium ethoxide (2Na + 2C2H5OH → 2C2H5ONa + H2) |
| Describe the Solubility of Alcohols in Water? | alcohols with shorter hydrocarbon chains mix easily to produce a solution, larger hydrocarbon chains may not mix easily (2 distinct layers are left) |
| What is the Equation for Oxidation of Alcohols? | oxidised without combustion = produce carboxylic acids
ethanol + oxidising agent → ethanoic acid + water
(CH3CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O) |
| What are the Acid Properties of Carboxylic Acids? | dissolve in water forming acidic solutions:
- react with metals -> salt + hydrogen
- react with bases -> salt + water
- react with carbonates -> salt + water + CO2 |
| How do you make Esters with Carboxylic Acids? | Esters are formed when carboxylic acid reacts with alcohols. Esters are organic compunds (-COO- functional group). Ester have fruity smells & are used as solvents (alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water) |
| What is a Polymer? | a substance of high rfm, made up of small repeating units |
| How is Polyethene formed through the process of Polymerisation? | - The C=C double bond in ethene allows ethene molecules to join together to form poly(ethene)
- ethene is the monomer, poly(ethene) is the polymer. |
| 3 Features of DNA as Biological Polymers | - a Biological polymer which is essential for life, most DNA is a double helix
- made from four different types of monomer, which are called nucleotides (the sequence of nucleotides along the DNA molecule is a code for genes)
- The genetic information stored in a molecule for DNA is a set of instructions for each organism to stay alive and groW |
| 2 Features of Protiens as Biological Polymers | - biological polymers made inside cells
- made from amino acid monomers and have a huge range of roles inside living things (e.g. enzymes are made from proteins) |
| 3 Features of Starch & Cellulose as Biological Polymers | - made by plants, their monomers are sugar molecules
- Starch is used by plants as a way of storing energy as a complex carbohydrate
- Cellulose is used to make the strong cell wall which gives plant cells (and therefore plants) strength |
| 3 Features of Amino Acids | 1) 2 FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: -NH2 & -COOH
2) Amino Acids are polymerised in cells to make polypeptides and proteins
3) Amino Acids react by condensation polymerisation so for every monomer which is added to the growing polymer chain, one molecule of water is also produced |
| How are Simple Polyesters Made? | Process: monomer which has 2 hydroxyl groups (-OH) + another monomer which has 2 carboxylic groups (-COOH). Can be Manmade or Biological
NOTE: They are an example of condensation polymerisation |
