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level: Integumentary

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Integumentary

QuestionAnswer
List the 3 major functions of the skin1. Protection 2. Temperature regulation 3. Vitamin D synthesis
What do cholesterol compounds in the skin convert to when exposed to the sun?Vitamin D
Which layer of the epidermis is able to undergo cell division and reproduce?Stratum germinativum
What is the outermost epidermal layer?Stratum corneum
The dermis, or corium is also known as:The true skin
What are the small finger-like projections located in the upper portion of the dermis?Papillae
The epidermis would be unable to survive without:Dermal papillae
Which layer connects the skin to the muscle surface?Subcutaneous layer
What are the 4 important functions of the subcutaneous layer?1. Stores water and fat 2. Insulates the body 3. Protects the organs lying beneath it 4. Provides a pathway for nerves and blood vessels
What are the coiled tube-like structures located in the dermal and subcutaneous layers?Sudoriferous glands
What is sweat composed of?Water, salt, urea, uric acid, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid, ascorbic acid
What are modified sudoriferous glands?Ceruminous glands
Clubbing of the fingertips can indicate:Hypoxemia
Dark skin is predisposed to certain conditions, including:Pseudofolliculitis, keloids, mongolian spots
What does PQRST stand for in regard to assessing a chief skin complaint?P- Provocative and Palliative factors Q- Quality and Quantity R- Region S- Severity T- Time
What does ABCDE stand for in regard to assessing growths or changes in a mole?A- Asymmetric B- Border C- Color D- Diameter E- Elevated
Describe a stage 1 pressure injury:Is in a localized area of the skin; intact with nonblanchable redness.
Describe a stage 2 pressure injury:Partial thickness loss; appears as shallow wound that is shiny/dry, with a pink-red wound bed without slough or bruising.
Which stage of pressure injury includes full-thickness tissue loss; subcutaneous tissue can be visible, but bone and muscle are not?Stage 3 pressure injury
Describe a stage 4 pressure injury:Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, cartilage or muscle; eschar and slough may be present
If a pressure injury extend into to the muscle and supporting structures, the patient may be at risk for:Developing osteomyelitis
What is an unstageable pressure injury?An injury with full-thickness tissue loss, a wound base covered with slough, and eschar; the depth and stage cannot be determined until base of the wound is exposed.
What kind of eschar should not be removed?Stable eschar on the heels
What kind of pressure injury may appear as a purple or maroon area of discolored intact skin, or blood-filled blister?Suspected deep tissue pressure injury
What is the most common site in women to develop HSV-2?The cervix
Patients with herpes simplex should also be assessed for:HIV
For HSV-1 over the counter treatment is effective when used within how many days of an outbreak?The first 1-2 days
What is the healing time for HSV-1 without treatment?10-14 days
How long are HSV-2 lesions present?7-14 days
Acyclovir should be administered within the first 72 hours upon onset of:Herpes zoster symptoms
The herpes zoster virus causes inflammation of the:Spinal ganglia
A person lacking the varicella immunity or who is immunocompromised can acquire ______ from a person with shingles.Chickenpox
A pityriasis rosea rash disappears without treatment within:4 - 8 weeks
Pityriasis rosea begins as a single lesion referred to as:a herald patch
How can the bacteria causing cellulitis be spread?By direct contact with an open area on a person who has the infection.
What are the common causes of of cellulitis in adults?Streptococci and staphylococcus aureus
Cellulitis is an infection of the:Skin and underlying subcutaneous tissues
How does the skin appear in a person with cellulitis?Erythematous, edematous, tender, and warm
Signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis and ______ are very similar.Cellulitis
The affected body part in cellulitis should be kept:Immobilized and elevated; warm moist dressings should be applied to the infected area
Why might cellulitis symptoms worsen before getting better with antibiotic therapy?The bacteria die and release substances that damage tissue.
Antibiotics for cellulitis are continued for a minimum of:10 days
Lesions associated with impetigo contagiosa starts as macules, and develop into:Pustulant vesicles which rupture and form a dried exudate
What type of soap should be used in removing the crust from a patient with impetigo contagiosa?Antiseptic; before applying antibiotic cream, lotion, or ointment
Prevention of _______ is a primary goal related to impetigo contagiosa.Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney)
What is a carbuncle?A cluster of furuncles
An infection of the soft tissue under and around the nail is known as a:Felon
What kind of precautions should be used for a patient with folliculitis in the hospital?Wound and secretion precautions; isolation
Define suppuration:The production of purulent material
What can help to speed up the process of suppuration?Warm soaks, 2-3 times a day
List the viral disorders of the skinHerpes simplex Herpes zoster Pityriasis rosea
List the bacterial disorders of the skin:Cellulitis Impetigo contagiosa Folliculitis (furuncles, carbuncles, felons)
Tinea cruris is also known as:Jock itch
What is tinea corporis?Ringworm of the body
What is the most common fungal infection?Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
Hair infected by tinea capitis turns what color under a Wood's lamp?Blue-green
List the fungal disorders of the skin:Tinea capitis Tinea corporis Tinea cruris Tinea pedis
What is a major fungal pathogen?Microsporum audouinii
What are papules?Small, raised, solid skin lesions less than 1cm in diameter
What will the skin look like in contact dermatitis?Papules and vesicles appearing on dorsal surfaces
What causes contact dermatitis?Contact with agents in the environment to which the individual is hypersensitive
What causes dermatitis venenata?Contact with certain plants; poison ivy, poison oak
What causes exfoliative dermatitis?The ingestion of certain heavy metals, or by antibiotics, aspirin, codeine, gold or iodine.
How does the skin appear in exfoliative dermatitis?Skin sloughs off; area is erythematous and edematous
Dermatitis medicamentosa occurs when:People are given a medication to which they are hypersensitive
What is the common symptom in all types of dermatitis?Pruritis
What is urticaria?The presence of wheals or hives in an allergic reaction
Urticaria, or hives, are caused by:The release of histamine
How do urticaria and agioedema differ?Angioedema occurs in the subcutaneous tissue; urticaria is a lesion of the skin and mucus membranes
Eczema is associated with allergies to:Chocolate Wheat Eggs Orange juice
What causes a comedo (black head) to be dark?The effects of oxygen on sebum; not dirt
In psoriasis, the time for the entire skin to be replaced by soughing can decrease to:7 days
What is pediculosis?Lice infestation
How long can lice live without a blood source?1-2 days
How many eggs may the female lay per day in head louse?10 eggs per day
What does the pubic louse look like?A crab with sharp pincers
After the lice are killed, they must be picked off using a:Nit comb
What causes scabies?The human itch mite
How does the skin appear in an individual with scabies?Wavy, brown, threadlike lines; in the hands, arms, body folds and genitalia
Which diagnostic test may yield a mite in a person with scabies?Skin scraping
Spider angioma, or telangiesctasia is associated with which disease?Liver disease
Vessels that dilate and form a tumor-like mass is known as an:Angioma
A melanoma can metastasize to which organs?Any organ; brain and heart
What is the most deadly form of skin cancer?Melanoma
What are the 4 types of malignant melanomas?1. Superficial spreading (most common!) 2. Lentigo malignant 3. Nodular 4. Acral lentiginous
Where is lentigo malignant melanoma usually found?On the heads and necks of older adults
Prognosis of malignant melanoma depends on:The thickness of the tumor
What is the survival rate of people with malignant melanoma lesions of 3mm or thicker?Less than 50%
Describe the nails in a person with paronychiaSoft, brittle, and the shape can change as they grow into soft tissue
The infection of paronychia is treat with:Topical antibiotics and wet dressings; drainage may be needed
Nonthermal burns result from:Electricity Chemicals Radiation
A burn's effect depends on which two factors?1. The extent of the body's surface burned 2. The depth of the burn
What is the major concern in a stage 1 burn (emergent phase)?Hypovolemic shock for up to 48 hours
What is the major concern in a stage 2 burn (acute, intermediate, diuretic phase)?Circulatory overload
When does the acute phase of a burn begin?48-72 hours after burn injury; when kidneys excrete large volumes of urine
What is the goal of stage 3, or the long-term rehabilitation phase of a burn patient?To return the patient to as normal state as possible; freedom from wound infection
In a burn injury, when does the greatest fluid loss occur?Within the first 12 hours
After a burn, the proteins, plasma, and electrolytes shift from the vascular compartment to the __________.Interstitial compartment
How is the rule of nines divided throughout the body?Head: 9% Arms: 9% each Legs- posterior: 9% Legs- anterior: 9% Chest: 18% Back: 18% Perineum: 1%
Nursing assessment of a burn includes:1. Depth of burn 2. Causative agent 3. Temperature and duration 4. Skin thickness