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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
the general intellectual climate of our culture	Zeitgeist
René Decartes theory that the human mind & body are two separate entities with only the latter following scientific laws	Cartesian dualism
the debate of whether behavioural capacities and inherited or learned	Nature nurture issue
The study of animal behaviour in their natural environment	Ethology
behaviours that always occur in a species w/o opportunity to learn it.	Instinctive behaviours
A deficiency in the awareness of one's own body, caused from damage to the right parietal lobe so involves the left side of the body	Asomatognosia
Heritable traits, survival & reprod most likely to be passed on	Natural selection
Undergo gradual orderly change, proven by Darwin	Evolve
The ability to survive & contribute genes to the next generation	Fitness
A group of organisms reproductively isolated from other organisms	Species
Members of the same species	Conspecifics
Animals with dorsal nerve cords (large nerves, centre of back)	Chordates
In larval form must live in water; adult must live on land	Amphibians
Chordates that also have spinal bones	Vertebrates
Species that female has mammary glands to feed young	Mammals
Mammals that have hands & feet similar to hand & forward facing eyes.	Primates
Primates of the tribe that inc. humans	Hominini
Incidental non-adaptive evolutionary by-product	Spandrels
Evolved to serve one purpose, later used for another	Exaptations
Structures similar bc common evolutionary ancestor	Homologous
Structures similar but do not have common evolutionary ancestors	Analogous
Evolution of species in similar way due to similar situation not related/genetics	Convergent evolution
Part of brain that processes reflex act vital for survival	Brain stem
Brain part responsible for complex adaptive process-learning, perception, motivation	Cerebrum
Folds on the cerebral surface	Convolutions
One male sexually bonds w more than one female	Polygyny
One female sexually bonds w more than one male	Polyandry
Enduring relationship between mated pair male & female	Monogamy
Trait that occurs in one form or other never in combination (g. seed colour)	Dichotomous traits
Breeding lines in which interbred members always have offspring w same trait gen after gen	True breeding lines
Trait that only needs one gene present to display phenotype	Dominant trait
Trait. that needs two gene present to dis phenotype	Recessive trait
An organism's observable traits	Phenotype
Traits organism can pass on to offspring w genes	Genotype
Each inherited factor	Gene
Two genes that control the same trait	Alleles
Organisms that have two identical genes for trait	Homozygous
Organisms that have two different genes for a trait	Heterozygous
Thread-like structure in each cell nucleus. Humans have 23 pairs	Chromosomes
Egg & sperm cells	Gametes
Cell division that makes gamates and fascilitates sexually reproduction	Meiosis
Cell division that replicates cells and fascilitates asexual cell reproduce	Mitosis
Fertilised egg cell	Zygote
The result of meiosis chromosomes live up in their pairs and exchange randomly to make new chromosomes	Genetic recombination
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up chromosomes	DNA
The elements that combine to create genetics	Nucleotide bases
Ganine-Cytosine Adenine-Thymine	GCAT
Process of making more DNA for new cells	Replication
Accidental alterations in individuals genes after replication	Mutations
All chromosome pains other than sex chromo	Autosomal chromosomes
Pair of chromo determine sex; XX female XY male	Sex chromosomes
traits influ geneson sex chromosome	Sex-Linked traits
A substance that contains amino acids	Proteins
Compounds that play critical role in body make hormones (build body, make hormones & neurotransmitters)	Amino acids
Stretches of DNA that determine if synthesis of proteins & rate of product	Enhancers
How a cell will develop & what function it serves	Gene expression
Proteins that bind to DNA & inf extent to which genes are expressed	Transcription factors
ribonucleic acid; like DNA but contains uracil instead thymine & has phosphate & ribose backbone	RNA
Carries genetic code out of cell nucleus	Messenger RNA
Made of RNA molecules & proteins & form cell production factory	Ribosomes
Each group of 3 consecutive nucleotidic bases on messenger RNA	Codon
RNA attached to amino acid; carries amino acid to ribosome	Transfer RNA
Collaboration to map all 3 billion bases in human DNA	Human Genome Project
The map of human DNA	Human proteome
Study of mechanisms of inheritance other than genetic code	Epigenetics
Reaction occurs when a methyl group attaches to DNA molecule	DNA Methylation
When histones change shape & inf shape of surrounding DNA	Histone Remodeling
Proteins around which DNA is coiled	Histones
When effect on gene express by acting on messengerRNA not DNA	RNA editing
Study examine transmission of experience via epigenetic mechanics through generations	Transgenerational epigenetics
Development of ind over life span	Ontogeny
Evolutionary development of species through history	Phylogeny
Phenylketonuria; neurological cond genetic	PKU
Period when experience must occur to influence development of trait	Sensitive period
Phase where memories are formed	Sensory phase
phase where birds sing but need audio feedback for development	sensorimotor phase
Twins that dev from the same zygote; genetically identical	Monozygotic twins
Twins that develop from two different zygotes and are no more genetically similar than siblings	Dizygotic twins
An estimate of the proportion of variability that occured in a trait in a study as a result of genetic variation	Heritability estimate