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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
A cell that has the ability to develop into any class of cell in the body e.g. a fertilized egg	Totipotent
When cells have the ability to turn into many but not all classes of body cells	Pluripotent
Cells that can develop into different cells of only one class e.g. only different kinds of blood cells	Multipotent
Cells that can develop into only one type of cell	Unipotent
A small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of a developing embryo that eventually develops into the human nervous system	Neural Plate
Outermost layer of embryonic cells	Ectoderm Layer
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm	Three layers of embryonic cells
Referred to as an organiser as it induces the development of the neural plate with chemical signals	Mesoderm layer
Cells that meet two specific criteria; have almost ulimited capacity for self renewal/replication and have ability to develop into different kinds of cells	Stem cells
The structure that is formed after the neural groove which eventually becomes the cerebral ventricles and spinal canal. Errors in this process can be responsible for severe birth defects	Neural Tube
The process of greatly increasing the number of cells, happens after neural tube has been formed	Neural proliferation
The region adjacent to the ventricle (the fluid-filled center of the tube) where most cell division in the neural tube occurs	Ventricular zone
The migration of immature (lacking axons and dendrites) cells to the target location	Migration
Cells lacking processes of axons and dendrites	Immature cells
cell migration where cells proceed from the ventricular zone in a straight line outwords toward the outer wall of tube (cells go along radius)	Radial migration
cell migration not towards outside of neural tube parallel to the tube's walls	Tangential migration
method in which developing cells migrate where an extension grows from the developing cell in the direction of migration	Somal translocation
a method in which developing cells migrate where cells use the radial glial network	Glia-mediated migration
Glial cells that appear in a network once the period of neural proliferation is happening and the walls of the neural tube are thickening that facilitate glia-mediated migration with some turning into neurons	Radial glial cells
References the way cells migrate in the developing neural tube progressing from deeper to more superficial layer	Inside-out pattern
a structure that's just dorsal to the neural tube formed from cells that break off from the neural tube as it develops. Neural crest cells develop into the neurons and glial cells of the PNS as well as other cell types	Nerual crest
the process cells must undergo once migrated in which they align themselves with other developing neurons of the same type i the same place to form the structures of the nervous system	Aggregation
mediate cell migration and aggregation and are located on the surfaces of neurons and other cells; have ability to recognize molecules on other cells and adhere to them	Cell-adhesion molecules (CAM)
an amoebalike structure at the growing tip of an axon or dendrite which extends and retracts fingerlike cytoplasmic extensions (filopodia) and makes sure the cells connect to the appropriate target	Growth cone
cells which compose the optic nerve	Retinal ganglion cells
a major part of the midbrain of vertebrates. In vertebrates such as fish, reptiles and birds, it is the main visual processor of the brain; called a superior colliculus in mammals	Optic Tectum
The theory that a growing axon is attracted to its target by a single specific attractant released by the target	Chemoaffinity hypothesis
the first growth cones to travel along a particular route in a developing nervous system which follow the correct trial by interacting with guidance molecules on the way	Pioneer growth cones
The tendancy of developing axons to grow along the paths established by preceding axons	Fasciulation
hypothesis that axons growing from one topographic surface to another are guided to specific targets that are arranged in the same way as the axons' cell bodies are arranged on the original surface. The growing axons are guided to their destinations by two intersecting signal gradients	Topographic gradient hypothesis
the formation of new synapses	Synaptogenesis
passive cell death- unintentional death- cells break apart and spill their contents into the extracellular fluid	Necrosis
active cell death- death signal sent- DNA and other internal structures are cleaved apart and packaged into membranes (that contain molecules that attract scavenger microglia and other molecules that prevent inflammation) before the cell breaks apart	Apoptosis
life-preserving chemicals supplied to developing neurons by their targets that promotes the growth and survival of neurons, guide the axons and stimulate synaptogenisis	Neurotrophins
the first neurotrophin to be isolated	Nerve growth factor (NGF)
the tendancy to continue making a formerly correct response when it is currently incorrect	Perseveration
those that permit the information in genetic programs of brain development to be expressed and maintained	Permissive experiences
those that contribute to the information in genetic programs and influence the course of development	Instructive experiences
an interval during which it is absolutely essential for an experience to occur to influence development	Critical period
an interval during which an experience that has a great effect on development when it occurs during interval but can still have weak effects outside of the interval	Sensitive period
The growth of new neurons	Neurogenesis
refers to ability to separate distinct percepts into individual memories for storage	Pattern separation
a complex neurodevelopmental disorder core symptoms are a reduced capacity for social interaction and commuication and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities	Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
persons with developmental disabilities who nevertheless display amazing and specific cognitive or artistic abilities	Savants
a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability and with a heterogeneous pattern of abilities and disabilities; those with the syndrome are sociable, empathetic and talkative	Williams syndrome
the inferior area of frontal cortex near the orbits, or eye sockets	Orbitofrontal cortex
includes primary and secondary auditory cortex	Superior temporal gyrus