| Talk about red algae | Marine organisms, live in fresh water or attached to rocks, Thallus is rarely unicellular, filamentous or parenchymatous. Reserve is floridean starch granules. Pecto-cellulosic cell wall consists of outer mucilaginous layer agar and carrageenan (jelly) which prevents colonization by other organisms reducing light exposure.
Some incorporate calcium carbonate in cell wall participating in building coral reef, few devoid of assimilating pigments are parasitic. |
| Talk about protista as a homogenous kingdom. | grouped structurally similar organisms (mostly unicellular eukaryotes) but also they are the catch all of eukaryotic organisms that are none of the other kingdoms. |
| What are the cell types of protista? | unicellular or microscopic organisms, but it also has relatively simple multicellular organisms. Most diverse eukaryotes, some are closer to other kingdoms than the others. Various shapes, with or without cell wall, flagella, amoeboid cells (phagocytic cells that alter their shapes) , simple or branched filaments or leaves, one or two layers or multinucleated masses without cell walls. |
| where are protists found? | aquatic (oceans, freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers..) some live in deep oceans coastal or attached to rocks, some in terrestial habitats but must be moist (soil, decaying leaves) |
| How do protists resist extreme conditions? Reproduce? | By turning into cysts , reproduce asexually but some have sexual reproduction |
| How are protista classified according to carbon source? | Autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic |
| What are the three main subkingdoms of protists? | plantlike photosynthetic ( algae; photoautotrophs)
Fungi form (feed by absorption; heterotrophic)
Animal like (heterotrophic; ingest their food) (only required are plant and fungi like) |
| Talk about the algae subkingdom of protists. | Also called phycophytes, eukaryotic thallophytes , are mostly aquatic photosynthetic aerobic autotrophs. Some are benthic (attached to bottom of a coast) others are planktonic (attached to the top); they are the primary producers of marine ecosystem (sea living world) |
| How are algae diverse in terms of nutrition? | Majority of the groups have heterotrophic species , that either ingest their nutrients (phagocytosis/ phagotrophic) or through uptake of dissolved organic compounds (osmotrophic) some are auxotrophic (incapable of synthesizing some nutrients like vitamins) |
| What are the main morphological forms algae present in? | (from microscopic unicellular to several meters (laminaria)
-Unicells (some are non-motile, others can posses one or more flagella, this can be either unicellular or colonial)
- Colonial ( often united by mucilage, cells can be flagellated or non-motile, some are of predictable amount of cells called coenobium.)
-Filaments (branched or not, crawling or erect)
-Parenchymatous (have parts that resemble leaves stems and roots although not differentiated)
-Coenocytic (less common with a coenocytic or siphonous growth, one large cell with multicucleated, without cross walls with cell wall all around it. |
| How do all algae capture light? | By chlorophyll a (cyanobacteria and plants) and supernumerary pigments that capture wavelengths not captured by chlorophyll a. |
| How are algae classified into phyla? | pigment composition, energy storage products, cell wall presence and composition, presence and number of flagella.
-Chlorophytes (green algae)
-Euglenophytes (Euglenoids)
-Bacilliarophytes (diatoms)
-Pheophytes (brown)
-rhodophytes (red) |
| Talk about Euglenoids. | Unicellular/ No cell wall/ most are photosynthetic/ contain chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids in their chloroplast (Euglena)/ Plasma membrane covered by protein bands or strips called pellicle in cytoplasm/ two flagella one for swimming other for light detection along with stigma (eyespot) (reduced) located close to flagelles/ Have contractile vacuole which protects the cell from rupturing because of surrounding water/ energy source in paramylon polysaccharaides/ plastids rich with pyrenoid/ some are heterotrophic others are misotrophic. |
| Talk about Bacillariophytes. | AKA Diatoms/ mostly unicellular with some colonies that are important phytaplankton/ plastids contain chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin (carotenoid brown) /siliceous walls called frustules formed of two halves, (epi and hypo) fitted together/ have different straition and markings that are species specific/ reserve substances are lipids and carbs water soluble/ chrysolaminarine (vacuoles stored) |
| Talk about chlorophyta. | plastids having chlorophyll a and b with carotenoids (same as plants)/ photosynthetic site is pyrenoids (plastids grouped around inclusions of protein nature)/ morphological diversity/ flagellated unicellular or non-flagellated/ colonial thallus/ filamentous/ branched parenchymatous Thallus/ attach by a clamp to a substrate/ contain a nucleus and chloroplast/ not all have cellular organelles/ some contain coencytic fronds/ most are aquatic (planktonic or benthic many are terrestial but in moist environments. |
| Talk about Pheophyta | AKA brown algae/ Brown or olive green because of chlorophyll masked by large amount of brown carotenoids, called fucoxanthin./ Contain chlorophyll a and c/ never produce starch/ reserve formed by lipids and soluble carb (Laminarin)/ cell wall rich in algin. |
| Where are brown algae mostly found? | Marine envirnment, live in sea and rockey shores, multicellular and range from microscopic to largest marine algae (Laminaria) thallus consists of single filament in some species having a complex organization. |
| Talk about the Laminaria. | AKA Kelp, large algae reach several meters in height, thallus includes pedicel stipe attached to rocks by clamp (holdfast) and very long leafy blade (limbo) variable in shape depending on species stipe has a tissue specialized in conduction of nutrients from limbo to stipe and clamp. |
| Talk about Fucus. | brown algae of rocks, thallus attached by holdfast, banded erect plate branched dichotomously (continuously) provided with ovoid vesicles filled with air acting as a float. |
| Talk about red algae. | AKA Rhodophyta, chloroplast contain chlorophyll a and carotenoids, accessory pigments (phycobillin) give them color and mask the chlorophyll color, modify their color pigmentation depending on depth for photosynthesis optimizing, black in deep water and greenish in shallow (less important phycobillin) |
| Talk about Fungiform protista. | Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic, reserve from glycogen, feed by absorption or ingestion, 3 phylum (Myxomycota- Acrasiomycota- Oomycetes) |
| Talk about Myxomycetes. | Simplest, Thallus consists of mobile multinucleated mass called plasmodium or plasmodial slime mold, crowls like amobae, coenocytic mass without cell wall and multinucleated, mostly diploid.
Saprophytes plasmodia feed by phagocytosis and live on damp substances (leaf litter and decaying wood). Some are plant parasitic. |
| Talk about Acrasiomycota. | Feeding stage (Thallus) is haploid unicellular ameboid, when scarce food group in multicellular ameboid clusters; psuedoplasmodium, which differs from plasmodium by cells retaining their identities and separated by cell wall. |
| Talk about Oomycetes. | Resemble fungi in appearance, fronds composed of siphoned filaments (coencytic) highly branched resemebling fungal hyphae, walls formed of cellulose (CHITIN) some are aquatic others are terrestial. |
