| Dora encounters a tree that appears to have fruit growing from the branches while walking along a trail one day. Which of the following questions would Dora ask to use categorization to assist her in classification? | Is that a blackberry, raspberry, or a poisonous berry? |
| Which of the following is the best example of illusion of the expert? | Tracey knows the names of all the trees in her backyard and assumes the task of naming them is easy. |
| Which of the following is the best example of communication as a function of categorization? | Shanzay and her mother, who are doing renovations, refer to furniture by their Ikea names. |
| Which of the following statements regarding baboon categorization is correct? | Baboons are able to learn to classify novel objects indicating that basic categorization exists in non-human animals. |
| According to the web module, which of the following statements regarding categorization is correct? | In regards to the classification of objects, we often fall victim to the illusion of the expert. |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding the bird study by Rips presented in the web module? | Prototype theory suggests that the robin will be classified as a bird more quickly than the penguin because it is more similar to the average bird than the penguin. |
| Which of the following is true according to exemplar theory? | You search through a library of your entire lifetime of experiences to compare and categorize a current object. |
| Which of the following is true regarding exemplar theory? | According to exemplar theory, increasing the number of exemplars in a category increases categorization speed and accuracy. |
| According to the web module, what evidence is there to counter the prototype theory and why is it significant evidence? | A recent exemplar affected categorization ability but, according to prototype theory, should have merely been incorporated into the prototype - leaving categorization unaffected. |
| Which of the following is evidence for exemplar theory? | Recent exposure to an exemplar increases accuracy in categorization of that object. |
| Which of the following scenarios best describes the method through which categorization leads to stereotyping? | Stella is shocked to discover a new player on the football team crying after the game is lost because the team seems so aggressive. |
| Dr. Dodge performs a thorough brain scan on a patient and finds that the results are inconclusive. Re-examining the data, Dr. Ford correctly identifies abnormalities in the frontal lobe that Dr. Dodge missed. Assuming that Dr. Ford and Dr. Dodge have similar training, experience, and motivation, which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the discrepancy? | Dr. Ford recently diagnosed another patient with frontal lobe abnormalities. |
| Which of the following categorizations would be made most efficiently through prototype theory? | A soccer ball or basketball categorized as balls. |
| Which of the following is evidence in favour of the exemplar theory exclusively? | Representations of categories change over short time period with changing experience of category members. |
| Using exemplar theory, how can you explain the observation that category membership for common objects is verified faster than category membership of uncommon objects? | Individuals have far more examples of experiences with common objects than with uncommon objects. |
| Which of the following is the best evidence for prototype theory? | People are quicker to categorize objects that are similar to their prototype versus objects that are not. |
| Which of the following is true about exemplars? | There is an exemplar to represent every known member of a category. |
| Which of the following, if true, would contradict the assumptions of prototype theory? Select the best answer | Prototypes can change rapidly over time. |
| Which of the following statements are true regarding the study discussed in the journal article "Don't Know Much Biology"? | Undergraduate students are significantly better at categorizing animals than plants. |
| Edwin wants to test his expert knowledge of lawn gnomes for the upcoming Lawn Gnome Competition. Tamir shows Edwin different images, and asks him whether they are gnomes or flamingos. According to lecture, how would you expect a novice's reaction time for this test to compare to Edwin's? | About the same as Edwin's reaction time. |
| Which of the following visual searches would have the longest search time? | Searching for a blue Q among 99 blue O's, 50 red Q's and 50 red O's |
| Which of the following scenarios would most likely occur in the dichotic listening task? | Participants hear a female speaker in the unattended channel but cannot recall the phrase that she was repeating. |
| Two stroop tasks were given to participants. Stroop task 1 had 70% congruent and 30% incongruent trials. Stroop task 2 had 40% congruent and 60% incongruent trials. Which task would have the greatest stroop effect? | Task 1 because mental strategies form to expect congruency. |
| Which of the following objects would be easiest to find? | An object that is a different colour than all other items in the set. |
| What is true of the pop-out effect? | It is never found in conjunction searches. |
| According to the module, which of the following explains the effect of practice? | Before we practice something, we must use our controlled attention to complete it; once we practice, it becomes more automatic. |
| Which of the following is most correct regarding Triesman's dual filter model? | Information is selected for further processing based on both physical and semantic relevance. |
| Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? | Triesman proposed that all information passes through the physical filter to the semantic filter, which determines what is attended to. |
| Why does the pop-out effect occur? | Items that pop out attract our automatic attention. |
| Which of the following is FALSE regarding the spatial cue paradigm? | The flashing box automatically attracts the attentional spotlight, but only if the target appears in the cued location. |
| Which of the following outlines a key difference between Broadbent's and Triesman's models of attention? | Broadbent's model disregards unattended signals, whereas Triesman's model allows for semantic analysis of attenuated signals. |
| Which of the following would result in the fastest visual search time amongst an array consisting of green and red B's and green, blue, and red D's? | A black D. |
| You are completing the stroop task, but the words are in a foreign language. Which of the following describes how your accuracy will change relative to doing the stroop task with english words? | You will complete the task more accurately than usual. |
| If you are looking to find one blue circle, in which of the following sets would you have the fastest reaction time? | 50 objects including green triangles and red circles |
| Which of the following statements is true regarding automatic and controlled processes? | A controlled process can become an automatic process after sufficient practice. |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of automatic processes? | Internally triggered |
| Which of the following best describes one of the differences between automatic and controlled processes? | Controlled processes are limited by cognitive resources, while automatic processes are not. |
| Why do subjects experience the stroop effect? | The automatic process of word reading is difficult to ignore |
| According to the textbook, which of the following is the best example of bottom-up processing? | While walking her dog, Rita stopped and turned to look up when her attention was caught by the Canada Day fireworks in the night sky. |
| According to lecture, which of the following situations does NOT portray top-down processing? | Marco requires a long time to complete a congruent item in the Stroop experiment. |
| Your pre-quiz has been submitted successfully. Don't forget to complete the real quiz! | Searching for a blue Q among 99 blue O's, 50 red Q's and 50 red O's |
| Which of the following scenarios would most likely occur in the dichotic listening task? | Participants hear a female speaker in the unattended channel but cannot recall the phrase that she was repeating |
| Two stroop tasks were given to participants. Stroop task 1 had 70% congruent and 30% incongruent trials. Stroop task 2 had 40% congruent and 60% incongruent trials. Which task would have the greatest stroop effect? | Task 1 because mental strategies form to expect congruency. |
| Which of the following objects would be easiest to find? | An object that is a different colour than all other items in the set. |
| What is true of the pop-out effect? | It is never found in conjunction searches. |
| According to the module, which of the following explains the effect of practice? | Before we practice something, we must use our controlled attention to complete it; once we practice, it becomes more automatic. |
| Which of the following is most correct regarding Triesman's dual filter model? | Information is selected for further processing based on both physical and semantic relevance. |
| Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? | Triesman proposed that all information passes through the physical filter to the semantic filter, which determines what is attended to. |
| Why does the pop-out effect occur? | Items that pop out attract our automatic attention |
| Which of the following is FALSE regarding the spatial cue paradigm? | The flashing box automatically attracts the attentional spotlight, but only if the target appears in the cued location. |
| Liam reads a list of nonsense words and then has a conversation. Which of the following best describes Liam's memory of the list? | Liam will have a reduced recency effect because he was distracted by the conversation. |
| Fatima's parents requested that she run several errands for them. She quickly rushed out of the house without writing a list of all her tasks. While on her drive, she realized she could only remember the first two tasks and last two. Which of the following does NOT explain Fatima's memory of her errands? | Primer effect where the previous errand acts as a stimulus to remember the following errand. |
| Katrina is a witness in a court case. Which of the following scenarios is LEAST likely to cause her to accidentally identify the wrong perpetrator? | Some people in the court lineup are Katrina's friends, so she processes their face easily. |
| Which of the following is true regarding false memories? | False memories can be implanted through imagining the event, even ones that seem bizarre and unlikely. |
| Which of the following is true of the serial position curve? | If a subject completes a distracting task between learning and recall, the recency effect will be diminished. |
| Which of the following statements about the "becoming famous overnight" experiment is most correct? | Participants that immediately proceeded to the second phase more accurately attributed the feeling of fluency to having seen the names on the list earlier. |
| Which of the following is correct regarding the serial position curve? | The primacy effect is diminished by decreasing the presentation time during encoding. |
| Which of the following is true regarding the multi-store model of memory? | The multi-memory model involves both short-term and long-term memory where items can be selectively moved between them. |
| What do false memories imply about human memory in general? | That memory is a reconstructive process, rather than simple storage and retrieval |
| Which of the following is true regarding levels of processing? | The levels of processing model stresses the importance of effortful processing for better memory performance while the multi-store model does not. |
| Considering what we know about encoding, which of the following would be the best strategy for studying? | Testing yourself for several days before an exam in different locations around campus. |
| Merlin wants to know how he should study for his difficult weekly psychology quizzes and decides to ask the memory encoding expert (his TA) for advice. Which of the following studying methods will be most beneficial to Merlin? | Merlin should understand how the material is related and make connections to himself. |
| Which of the following scenarios would result in the best memory performance on a recall test? | Words that were integrated into scenarios that the individual recently experienced |
| How do we best explain the occurrence of false memories? | Through the reconstructive nature of memory and the high likelihood that new information can be incorporated during recall. |
| According to the multi-store model, how are memories transferred from short to long term memory? | By rehearsing the memory |
| Which of the following statements regarding memory is correct? | The feeling of familiarity when observing a stranger is due to misattribution of processing fluency. |
| Which of the following will exclusively and most effectively disrupt the primacy effect when remembering a list of words? | Make the time intervals between words shorter. |
| Which of the following is NOT typically used in basic memory experiments? | A control group that memorizes a different list of items during the encoding phase. |
| According to your textbook, what is the key difference between semantic and episodic memories? | Semantic memories encompass general information; whereas episodic memories relate to a particular place or time. |
| According to your textbook, what is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference? | Old information interfering with current memory processes is proactive interference; new information interfering with retrieval of old memories is retroactive interference. |
| Considering what we know about encoding, which of the following would be the best strategy for studying? | testing yourself for several days before an exam in different locations around campus. |
| Merlin wants to know how he should study for his difficult weekly psychology quizzes and decides to ask the memory encoding expert (his TA) for advice. Which of the following studying methods will be most beneficial to Merlin? | Merlin should understand how the material is related and make connections to himself. |
| Which of the following scenarios would result in the best memory performance on a recall test? | Words that were integrated into scenarios that the individual recently experienced. |
| How do we best explain the occurrence of false memories? | Through the reconstructive nature of memory and the high likelihood that new information can be incorporated during recall |
| According to the multi-store model, how are memories transferred from short to long term memory? | By rehearsing the memory |
| Which of the following statements regarding memory is correct? | The feeling of familiarity when observing a stranger is due to misattribution of processing fluency. |
| Which of the following will exclusively and most effectively disrupt the primacy effect when remembering a list of words? | Make the time intervals between words shorter. |
| Which of the following is NOT typically used in basic memory experiments? | A control group that memorizes a different list of items during the encoding phase |
| According to your textbook, what is the key difference between semantic and episodic memories? | Semantic memories encompass general information; whereas episodic memories relate to a particular place or time. |
| According to your textbook, what is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference? | Old information interfering with current memory processes is proactive interference; new information interfering with retrieval of old memories is retroactive interference. |
