| digestion | breakdown of complex nutrients into simple nutrients |
| deglutition | the process of swallowing, complex process requiring coordinated and rapid movements |
| absorption | movement of nutrients thought the GI mucosa into the internal environment |
| peristalsis | wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hallow organ. it produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract |
| elimination | expulsion f faces from the digestive tract AKA defecation |
| location of the cardia sphincter | is located at the bottom of the esophagus where it meets up with the stomach |
| location of the parotid glands and what does it secrete | in front of the ears, produces watery saliva containing enzymes |
| location of submandibular glands what does it secrete | below the jaw, its a compound gland that contains enzyme and mucus producing elements |
| location of sublingual gland what does it secrete | under the floor of the mouth and on each side of the tongue, produces mucous type of saliva |
| location of the pyloric sphincter | where the pylorus meets the duodenum at the bottom of the stomach |
| location of the ileocecal sphincter | ascending colon |
| location of the anal sphincter | the end of the rectum that surrounds the anus |
| what is the order of the layers of the digestive tract from deeper to superficial | mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serous |
| mucosa | muscle epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae |
| submucosa | gland in submucosa and where the duct from gland is |
| muscularis | circular muscle layer, also where the longitudinal muscle layer is found |
| serosa | connective tissue layer, where the peritoneum is found |
| what is the correct order of the digestive tract | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum |
| catabolism | breaks food down into smaller molecule compounds and releases two forms of energy- heat and chemical energy |
| anabolism | a synthesis process |
| metabolism | the use of nutrients, a process made up of many chemical processes |
| unit of measurement for metabolism | joules |
| what is the layer of the tooth that protects it against wear and tear from chewing | enamel |
| exocrine portion of the pancreas and what does it secrete | the main pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum, the acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes |
| endocrine portion of the pancreas and what does it secrete | made up of alpha and beta cells, and passes secretions into the capillaries, the ALPHA cells secrete glucagon and the BETA cells secrete insulin |
| what do the alpha cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas secrete | glucagon |
| what do the beta cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas secrete | insulin |
| mumps | Viral inflammation of the parotid glands, Fever, loss of appetite, painful opening and closing of the mouth, and feeling of weakness and discomfort |
| GERD | Backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus (heart burn, acid indigestion) |
| stomach cancer | pylori, excessive alcohol consumption, use of chewing tobacco, and eating smoked or heavily preserved food |
| colon cancer | Occurs after the age of 50 and in people with a low-fiber, high fat diet and a genetic predisposition, Symptoms include changes in bowel habits, fecal blood, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and unexplained anemia or weigh loss |
| diverticulosis | abnormal saclike outpouchings of the intestinal wall that become inflamed, Usually develop in adults over 50 who eat low-fiber foods, Pain tenderness, and fever |
| chron's | Abnormal inflammatory response that can occur anywhere in the alimentary canal but most cases are in the ileum and proximal colon, It primarily causes abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is at its worst), vomiting, or weight loss |
| Colitis | Any inflammatory condition of the large intestine, Symptoms: diarrhea or constipation and abdominal cramping |
| IBS | Diarrhea or constipation due to stress |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Cholelithiasis | the formation of gallstones |
