| ____________ are usually numerous and branching | Dendrites |
| A wave of depolarization and repolarization spreading along a cell membrane is called _______________. | An action potential |
| About 75% of all parasympathetic fibers are in the _______ nerves | vagus |
| Axons transmit action potentials: | Away from the cell body |
| During the depolarization of a neuron | Sodium Na ions diffuse into the cell |
| Epidural Hematomas are usually associated with skull fractures in what area of the head? | Temporal |
| Hyperpolarization of a postsynaptic membranes is caused | Inhibitory neurotransmitters |
| Immediately after a neural action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? | potassium |
| In the central nervous system, bundles of axons are known as ________. | tracts |
| Motor programs -muscle memory- are sets of involuntary mucle activities that are controlled by which of the following nervous pathways? | extrapyramidal |
| Neurotransmitters are used in: | Chemical synapses |
| The _______ consists of efferent -motor- fibers leaving the cord | Ventral root |
| The ______ system prepares the body for action, and is most active during stressful situations. | Sympathetic |
| The ____consists of afferent -sensory- fibers that transmit information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord. | Dorsal root |
| The choroids plexus produces | CSF |
| The main branch of the sacral plexus is the _____ nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body. | sciatic |
| The receptors for hearing are on the __________. | cochlear nerve |
| The superior colliculus of the midbrain transmits information regarding which of the following? | Vision |
| Two types of cells unique to the nervous system are _________. | Glial (neuroglia) ; neurons |
| When the membrane potential neuron reaches -59 mV, which channels open? | voltage-gated sodium channels |
| Which nervous system tract transmits information pertaining to perception of pain and temperature? | Lateral spinothalamic tracts |
| Which structures does CSF drain into after it is done circulating through the nervous system? | arachnoid villus |
| what are the 5 major types of Glia | Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells |
| What Glia cells are found in the CNS | Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes |
| What Glia cells are found in the PNS | Schwann cells |
| CNS | Central Nervous system |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous system |
| what 2 organs make up the CNS | Brain and spinal cord |
| Afferent division consists of | all incoming sensory pathways |
| Efferent division consists of | all outgoing motor pathways |
| when scared with dilated pupils and increased HR, what system is responding | sympathetic nervous system |
| The spinal cord ends around L1, what is the name of the end? | Conus medullaris |
| where does the parasympathetic nervous system start? | Brainstem, craniosacral region |
| what neurotransmitter is released to skeletal muscles to contract | Acetylcholine |
| Impulses are sent over this tract for voluntary movement | Cortical spinal or pyramidal tracts |
| What 3 cranial nerves are sensory only | Olfactory I, Optic II, Vestubulocochlear VIII |
| What neurotransmitter is lacking in Parkinson's disease | Dopamine |
| In sensory pathways the secondary neurons synapsis/terminate where ? | Thalamus |
| Where do you find the dentate nuclei | Cerebellum |
| What is the name of the sensory spinal ganglia? | Dorsal root ganglia |
| A PT complains of numbness in the butt and posterior leg, what plexus is damaged? | Sacrococcygeal |
| Where in the brain do you find the olives and pyramids | Medulla |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there ? | 31 |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the Cervical column ? | 8 |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the Thoracic column | 12 |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the Lumbar and sacral column | 5 |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the coccygeal column | 1 |
| The name of the time period where no new impulses can travel through | Absolute refractory period |
| Infants will show Babinski sign up to what age | 18 months |
| What neurotransmitters can be released to block pain | GABA, epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Meningitis is inflammation of what | Meninges |
| The 3 parts of the brainstem are ? | medulla, pons, midbrain |
| What in the cell membrane allows resting membrane potential ? | Sodium-potassium pumps |
| After a serious accident, PT looses controls of balance and coordination, where could there be damage to the brain ? | Cerebellum |
| What type of info does a mixed nerve carry | Sensory and motor |
| What cranial nerve controls balance and coordination ? | VIII - Vastibulocochlear |
| The excitatory neurotransmitters cause what effect on receptors? | Opens sodium channels |
| What part of the vertebral column has more spinal nerves then it has vertebrae ? | Cervical |
| What type of information is carried via the spinal thalamic tract? | Sensory |
| What layer of the meninges adheres to the periosteum of the skull? | Dura mater |
| Where do you find interneurons ? | Central nervous system |
| If you cannot move your tongue, what cranial nerve is damaged ? | VII - hypoglossal |
| What layer of the meninges attaches to both the spinal cord and the brain ? | Pia mater |
| Name 3 parts along a neuron for entering to leaving | Dendrite, cell body (soma), akon |
| What are the effectors of the autonomic nervous system? | Cardiac, smooth, adipose and glandular |
| What two structures does the foramen magnum separate ? | Spinal cord and medulla |
| What cells help to make CSF | Choroid plexus |
| What is the number signifying resting membrane potential | -70 |
| What is the emotional part of the brain? | Limbic system |
| The filum terminally is made of what tissue? | Pia mater |
| What type of conduction happens over myelinated neurons? | Saltatory |
| What cells make myelin in the PNS | Schwann cells |
| What are the three parts to synapse ? | Synaptic knob, synaptic cleft and synaptic membrane |
| What cells myelin in CNS ? | Oligodendrocytes |
| What gland in the brain helps to control the sleep/awake cycle? | Pineal gland |
| What parts of the brain can produce hormones? | Hypothalamus, pineal and pituitary gland |
| What cranial nerve has branches off both the spinal cord and the brainstem ? | VI accessory |
| After brain damage, what glia cells help clean up and healing | Microglia |
| What nerve plexus innervates lower shoulder and the entire arm ? | Brachial |
| A swollen rash that develops on the skin when the immune system is weak? | Shingles |
| major subdivisions of the nervous system ? | CNS & PNS |
| What 2 organs make up the central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord |
| what is neurilemma | outermost layer of nerve fiber made by schwann cells essential for nerve regrowth |
| what are the 3 layers of connective tissues that hold the fibers of a nerve together | Endoneurium, perineurium , epineurium |
| white mater | myelinated cells |
| gray mater | unmyelinated cells + cell bodies |
| how does depolarization of a membrane differ from hyperpolarization | depolar - higher than -70 Na into cell, hyper - lower than -70 K leaving cell |
| What are gyri or folia ? | Bumps on surface |
| what are sulci? | are grooves in brain |
| Over how many neurons does somatic information usually pass ? | 3 |
