| brainstem | medulla, pons, midbrain |
| diencephalons | hypothalamus, thalamus |
| divisions of the adults brain | brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalons, cerebrum |
| left hemishphere | systematic, logical, interpretation or info, language mathematics abstraction and reasoning, and memory is stored in a language format |
| right hemisphere | dancing and gymnastics, visual spatial skills, memory is stored in auditory, visual and spatial modalities |
| frofrontal lobe | condition and memory, ability t concentrate and elaborate on thoughts, judgement and inhibition, personality and emotional traits |
| frontal lobe- motor cortex (broadmans) | voluntary motor activity |
| frontal cortex- premotor cortex | storage of motor patterns and voluntary activities, language is motor speech |
| damage to frontal cortex | inability to concentrate, impairment of memory, behaviour disorders, difficulty learning new info, lack of inhabitation, emotional liability, contralateral plegia, excessive motor aphasia |
| dpariteal lobe | processing of sensory input, sensory discrimination, body orientation, primary and secondary somatic area |
| damage to parietal lobe | inability to discriminate between sensory stimuli, inability to locate and recognize parts of the body, inability to recognize self, disorientation of environmental space, inability to write |
| occipital lobe | primary visual reception area, primary visual association area, allows for visual interpretation |
| damage to the occipital lobe | primary visual cortex, theres a loss of vision in opposite field, visual association cortex: loss of ability to recognize object seen in opposite field of vision |
| temporal lobe | auditory receptive area association areas, expressed behaviours, language: receptive speech, memory: info retrieval |
| limbic system | sex, rage, fear, emotions |
| damage to the limbic system | loss of sense of smell, agitation, loss of control and emotion, loss of recent memory |
| basal ganglia | subcortical grey matter nuclei, processing link between thalamus and motor cortex, imitation and direction of voluntary movements, balances postural reflexes, part of extrapyramidal system, regulation of automatic movement |
| CN III | oculomotor, this controls pupil size, pressure eon this nerve will cause paralyzation and the pupil won't be reactive |
| CNX | vagus, organ is the medulla, a bundle of nerves that supply SA and AV node, stomach, and GI tract, pressure on this nerve stimulates bradycardia |
| mReticular Activating system | integrates info from all of the senses and from the cerebrum and determines the overall activity of the brain and ANS as well as patterns of behaviour during walking and sleeping |
| ra meninges | protective layer that surrounds and enfolds the entire CNS |
| dura mater | outer layer |
| arachnoid layer | middle layer |
| pia mater | inner layer |
| cerebrospinal fluid | clear, colourless fluid that circulates through the entire brain and spinal cord, there are few WBCs but NO RBCs |
| cerebral blood flow | oxygen and glue delivery are controlled by cerebral blood flow, PCO2 has the greatest effect on intracerebral vascular diameter |
| ICP symptoms | headaches, nausea/vomitting, altered LOA/LOC, Cushing triad, pupil changes, posturing |
| causes of ICP | increase blood flow to the brain, blockage of blood flow to the brain, increase CSF production, blockage of CSF outflow, increase tissue mass, hear trauma, ruptured aneurysm, infection, cerebral edema, Shintos, severe hypertension |
| CNS disorders- structural | tumour, degenerative disease's, intracranial hemorrhage, parses, trauma |
| CNS disorders- toxic-metabolic states | anoxia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic failure, hypoglycaemia, renal failure, thiamine deficiency, toxic pressure |
| PNS disorders | any malfunction of damage to the peripheral nerves |
| PNS disorder- mononeuropathy | localized condition due to trauma, compression or infection |
| PNS disorder- polyneuropathy | demylentation or degeneration, Gillian barre leads to rapid muscle weakness, diabetes affects the distal nerves of the hands and feet |
| conjugate gaze | implied a structural lesion |
| dysconjugate gaze | implied a structural brain stem dysfunction |
| nystagmus | disorders of the brain that involve involuntary eye movements |
| respiratory status | cheyne stokes, kussmaul, central neurogenic hyperventilation, ataxic, apneustic |
| geriatric population | more susceptible to systematic illness, changes that occur with ageing: pupil sluggishness, loss of body strength, muscle atrophy, altered sensation |
| geriatric population- neuro | headaches, LBP, weakness/dizziness, loss of balance (old man shuffle) Parkinson's, CVA |
| stroke | every delayed minute the average person loses 1.9 million brain cells, 13.8 billion synapses and 12kms of axonal fibres |
| stroke | injury or death to brain tissue |
| tPA | used to bust clots in MI and has been shown to be effective in treating certain occlusive clots |
| occlusive stroke | cerebral artery blocked by a clot or foreign matter |
| ischemia | onset |
| infarction | death of tissue, there is further damages to nearby tissues due to edema |
| embolic stroke | sudden severe headaches, embolus carried to cerebral blood vessel from a remote site, usually clots arising from diseased vessels, atrial firbulation |
| thrombotic stroke | S&S develop gradually, often occurs at night, blood clot gradually develops in and obstructs a cerebral blood vessel |
| hemorrhagic stroke- intracranial | within the brain, small blood vessels rupture due to hypertension, effects depend on location of blood vessels |
| hemorrhagic stroke- subarachnoid | developes from congenital blood vessel abnormalities or head trauma, aneurysms |
| hemorrhagic stroke | hemorrhage inside the brain tears and separates blood vessels, impaired drainage of CSF increases increased ICP, herniation of brain tissue occurs rapidly |
| hemorrhage stroke- S&S | motor, speech and sensory leading to unconsciousness, stertorous breathing (laboured snoring) eyes deviate away from side of body paralyzed |
| hemorrhagic stroke | not common, abrupt, during stress or exertion, may be associated with coke, asymptotic before rupture |
| ischemic | most common, usually d/t atherosclerosis or brain tumour, slow, may be associated with partial fib, valve disease, or contraceptives, history of angina or previous strokes |
| transient ischemic attacks | indicative of carotid artery disease, onset of TIA is usually abrupt, |
| warning signs of stroke | weakness, trouble speaking, vision problems, headache, dizziness |
| left hemisphere damage | expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, global aphasia, R side weakness, reading, writing or math impairment, slow and cautious behaviour, defects in R visual field |
| right hemisphere damage | spatial perceptual deficits, L sided weakness or sensory loss, neglect of the affected side, distractible, impulsive behaviour, poor judgement, loss of flow of speech, defecets in L visual field |
| thrombolytic therapy | tPA- tissue plasminogen activator |
| peds stroke | seizures, twitching or staring spells, extreme trouble staying awake or alert during the day or outside of normal sleeping time |
| seizure | temporary alteration in behaviour due to massive electrical discharge from on for more groups of neurons in the brain |
| causes of seizures | non compliance of drugs, meningitis, ICP, hypoglycaemia, EtOH withdraws, drug ingestion |
| causes of seizures in pts >50 | cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dysrhythmia or impending cardiac arrest, severe hypertension, brain neoplasms |
| tonic | increased muscle tone or tension |
| clonic | rhythmic jerking movements |
| absence | pets mal, 10-30 second loss of consciousness, may not response to normal treatment |
| pseudoseizure | usually stems from a psychological disorder, hysterical disorder, seizure often stops with saying "STOP IT", characterized with sharp and bizarre movements |
| mpartial seizures | chaotic movements, confined to a limited portion of the brain, only functions saved by the area will be dysfunctional, no loss of consciousness, begins as localized/clonic movements |
| complex partial seizures | characterized by an aura (smell, metallic taste, sounds), typically 2-3 mins in length, loss of contact with surroundings, confused, stagger, purposeless actions, unintelligent sounds |
| status epilepticus | two or more generalized seizures, they occur without a return of consciousness, usually caused by failure to take anticonvulsant meds |
| anti seizure/antileptic drugs | benzos, barbiturates, hydantoins, suxxinmides, depakote |
| migraines | throbbing pain, photosensitivity, nausea, sweats, usually unilateral, may be preceded by an aura, may last for extended periods to type |
| cluster | one sided with nasal congestion, drooping eyelid, and irritated or watery eye, more frequent in men, usually concentrated around 1 eye, typically lasts 1-4 hours |
| tension headache | often when you wake up in the morning with mild pain and the pain gets worse as the day progresses, dull achey pain feels like pressure applied to the neck and head |
| organic headache | occurs due to rumours, infection, or other diseases of the brain, eye or other body system, headaches are associated with fever, confusion, nausea, vomitting, or rash |
| neoplasm | growth of a new tumour, they have ihhg mortality rates and can be classified as benign or malignant |
| benign | abnormal growth yet slow and grow in one location, cause pressure in confined spaces |
| malignant | grow quickly and spread to other sites within the body, infiltrates healthy tissue, likely to metastasize |
| abscess | collection of puss |
| abscess- s&s | leathery, hemiparesis, nuchal rigidity, headache, nausea, vomitting, seizures |
| alzheimers | most frequent cause of dementia, due to death and disappearance of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, shuffling gait, stiffness of body muscles, progresses to aphasia, inability to think, speak and move |
| muscular dystrophy | a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres |
| multiple sclerosis | umpraedicitbale disease resulting from detonation of the myelin sheath leading to difficulty conducting nerve impulses, most victims are women, slow degeneration of sensory nerves but spares motor nerves |
| dystonia | groups of disorders characterized by muscle contractions that cause twisting repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or freezing during activity |
| parkinsons | rigidity or resistance to movement due to both opposing muscles activated at the same time, bradykinesia movement is slowed and sometimes lost, postural instability is impaired balance and coordination |
| central pain syndrome | result of CNS injury, intense steady burning pain |
| bells palsy | one sided facial paralysis, unknown cause |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | weakness, loss of motor control, dysphasia and cramping which will eventually lead to the diaphragm and respiratory problems, most its died within 3-5 years of being diagnosed, usually due to pulmonary infection |
| myoclonus | temporary, involuntary twitching of muscles, commonly witnessed in pts with MS, Parkinson's or alzhemers, may present as hiccups or muscle twitching |
| spina bifida | occurs in the firs month of prig, one of more fetal vertebra fail to close, potion of the spine is left unprotected |
| polio | inflammatory viral disease of the CNS tissue, can result in paralysis, characterized by fatigue, headache, fever, vomitting, pains in the hands and feet |
| myasthenia Travis | progressive muscle weakness and fatigue, autoimmune disease that sestroys the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, muscles not stimulated as well so weakness occurs |
