| Unrefrigerated milk contains hundreds of bacteria, contributing to the development of ______ and ______. | Diarrhea and tuberculosis |
| Who is the father of pediatrics? | Abraham Jacobi |
| What year did Abraham Jacobi first lecture to medical students on special diseases and health problems of children? | 1860 |
| An outstanding achievement of Dr. Jacobi was the establishment of ______ _______. | Milk Stations |
| When were milk stations established? | 1893 |
| What occurs at a milk station? | Babies are weighed and mothers taught how to prepare milk for their babies |
| Who is the founder of public health or community nursing? | Lillian Wald |
| When was the US Children's Bureau established? | 1912 |
| When did WIC open its first distribution site? | 1974 |
| Who oversees children's programs today? | Office of Child Development |
| What year was the Office of Child Development established? | 1967 |
| What does the Office of Child Development house? | Children's Bureau
Bureau of Child Development Services |
| Title V, Maternal and Child Health Services recognized for the first time the needs of ___________. | Special needs children |
| What are the four essential features of nursing process? | Human responses
Theory application
Nursing actions
Outcomes of nursing actions |
| What are the two basic concepts in family-centered care? | Enabling and empowering |
| At what age do most infants sit up on their own? | 6 months |
| What is the preferred term for mental retardation? | Cognitive impairment |
| How do preschoolers perceive pain? | Punishment for bad thoughts and behavior
Believe adults can cure illness if they want |
| Growth parameters for a child include: | Weight
Height
Head circumference
Skinfold thickness and circumference |
| Growth is a continuous, but _________ process | Uneven |
| Children whose growth necessitates further investigation include: | 1. Height and weight percentiles are widely disparate
2. Fail to show expected growth rates
3. Sudden increase or decrease |
| Head circumference is measured in children up to ___ months | 36 |
| How is head circumference measured? | Above eyebrows and pinna of the ears and around occipital at the back of skull |
| Recumbent length is measured until the child is how old? | 2 years old |
| What does arm circumference measure? | Muscle mass |
| Why are newborns at an increased risk of hyperthermia? | They have difficulty dissipating heat |
| Females maintain a temperature slightly ______ that of males. | Above |
| What is the primary purpose of body temperature measurement? | Detection of abnormal values |
| Where are the best sites for measurement of temperature? | Those closest to the brain (core temp) |
| In infants and young children, _______ or ______ temperatures often are preferred. | Tympanic or axillary |
| At what age are oral temperatures usually acceptable? | 5 or 6 years of age; when child is able to cooperate and understand directions |
| Why do many facilities prefer tympanic temperatures for all ages? | Ears proximity to the hypothalamus; the body's temperature-regulating center |
| What is the average apical beat of a newborn? | 120 beats per minute |
| When is the apical pulse most reliable? | Taken when the patient is asleep |
| Where will murmurs of the heart be heard? | Second intercostal space |
| Radial pulse is often take in children __ years of age and older | 5 |
| Newborns are obligate _______ breathers | Nasal |
| At what age do infants breathe through their mouth? | 3-4 weeks |
| Why should abdominal movements be observed when counting respirations of an infant? | Respirations are primarily diaphragmatic |
| In older children, respirations are chiefly _______. | Thoracic |
| The respiration rate of a newborn is sometimes as rapid as ___ to ___ breaths per minute | 40 to 50 |
| What is the respiration rate of a newborn by 36 hours of age | 25 to 32 |
| Blood pressure is typically not measured until the child is how old? | 3 years |
| The blood pressure cuff should cover how much of the child's arm or leg? | Two-thirds |
| Tufts of hair along the spine are significant because they sometimes mark the site of ________. | Spina bifida occulta |
| What is the visual acuity at birth? | 20/400 |
| What is the "en face position" | Adult and baby's face are 8 inches apart, on the same plane |
| Newborns are able to follow bright, colorful objects by what age? | Second or third week of life |
| How many years of development are needed for eyes to function as they do in an adult? | 6 years |
| Depth perception in a child does not develop before the __ or __ month | 9th or 10th |
| How can hard cerumen be softened | 2-3 drops mineral oil for a few days |
| Protrusions of the tongue are seen in children with what kind of impairment? | Cognitive impairment |
| Where should the tongue blade be placed on the tongue? | Along the side |
| When are all 20 primary teeth usually present? | By child's third birthday |
| The first dental visit should be conducted by what age? | One year |
| What is the leading chronic disease in children in the United States? | Dental carries |
| Fluoride is a ________ that prevents tooth decay | Mineral |
| During infancy the chest appears ________. | Circular |
| A barrel shaped chest in an older child can indicate: | COPD; cystic fibrosis or asthma |
| What shape is the back of a newborn? | C-shaped |
| What shape is the back of an older child and adult? | S-shaped |
| Scoliosis is more common in which gender? | Females |
| Normal peristalsis sounds like: | Metallic clicks and gurgles |
| How often should peristalsis be heard? | 10 to 30 seconds |
| The abdomen should be auscultated for how long in all four quadrants? | 3 minutes |
| As a toddler begins to walk, legs are usually ________. | Bowlegged |
| Why are infants more prone to fluid volume fluctuations? | Glomerular filtration and absorption are low; immature kidney function |
| What does the stool of a baby who is breastfed look like? | Light mustard color, grainy, runny |
| How many women between the ages of 15 and 19 give birth each year? | 24.2 out of 1000 |
| Newborns double their weight by what age? | 5-6 months |
| Why are infants and children able to recover more swiftly than an adult? | Due to higher metabolism |
| How many words are in a one year old's vocabulary? | Three to four-word |
| Children usually know how many words by 18 months? | 25 to 50 |
| A two year old knows more than ____ words | 250 |
| What is the leading age of child maltreatment victims? | Birth to one year |
| What is often the first crisis a child faces? | Hospitalization |
| Separation anxiety is a major stress, especially in children of which ages? | 15 to 30 months |
| What are the 6 stress points common for children undergoing surgery? | 1. Admission
2. Blood tests
3. Afternoon of the day before surgery
4. Injection of preoperative medication
5. Before and during transport to OR
6. Return to post anesthesia care unit |
| What should the umbilical cord and area around it be cleaned with? | Alcohol |
| How should the infant be held when washing the head? | "Football style" |
| What side should the infant be positioned on to permit feeding to flow to lower end of the stomach? | Right side |
| The Academy of Pediatrics recommends the use of a _______ at naptime to prevent SIDS | Pacifier |
| In infants, what is the preferred route for tube insertion? | The mouth |
| A tube that will be indwelling is almost always inserted through the _______. | Nose |
| Give infants a _______ during gavage feedings to encourage sucking | Pacifier |
| How long should the infant be positioned on the right side after a gavage feeding? | At least one hour |
| After a gavage feeding, flush the tube with _______ | Sterile water |
| After a G-tube feeding, place the child in one of two positions: | On right side, or Fowlers |
| At what rate should a newborn be tube fed? | 5mL every 5 to 10 minutes |
| At what rate should older infants and children be fed? | 10mL per minute |
| What is a usual site for parenteral feeding? | Subclavian vein |
| Which situations allow the use of SRD's? | Maintenance of oxygen therapy
Protection from harm
Patients who are confused/agitated/unable to comprehend |
| Attach the ties of SRD ties to __________ only | Bed frames |
| A jugular venipuncture or NG tube sometimes calls for what kind of SRD? | Mummy SRD |
| As an infant's metabolism increases in an effort to maintain body temperature, larger amounts of ______ are needed | Oxygen |
| What is an efficient way to deliver oxygen to small infants? | Through a plastic hood that fits over the baby's head
(Hood) |
| What is a less efficient method of delivering oxygen to an infant? | Incubator |
| What is the purpose of a mist tent? | Liquify pulmonary secretions |
| What kind of mask delivers the most precise concentration of oxygen? | Venturi mask |
| What is the recommended airway pressure for suctioning for an infant? | 50 to 95 mm |
