| Enzymes, channels, receptors, antibodies, hormones, transporters, and support the structure of the cell inside and out. | What can proteins act as |
| Links amino acids together through covalent bond into a polypeptide chain. | Peptide Bonds |
| Bridges between the thiol of two cysteine. | disulfide bridge |
| Between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. | Which groups is the Peptide bond formed between? |
| Water | What is lost during a peptide bond? |
| The amino group is the first and the carboxyl group is the last. | What is the first terminus and the last terminus in a polypeptide chain? |
| An individual amino acid when part of a polypeptide chain. | Residue |
| A breakdown of a compound due to its reaction with water. | Hydrolysis |
| The hydrolysis of a protein by another protein. | Proteolysis |
| cleave peptide bonds between two amino acids. | Proteolytic cleavage |
| 1. Urea (disturbing hydrogen bonds)
2. Extremes of pH
3. Extremes of temperature
4. Changes in salt concentration (tonicity). | Denaturation of a protein happens in four ways. |
| Peptide bonds | Bonds in primary structure |
| Hydrogen bonds between the backbone of the Peptide chain. | Bonds in Secondary structure |
| Alpha helix, parallel beta sheet, and antiparallel beta sheet. | Types of secondary structure |
| folds into itself with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, Van der Waals, covalent, disulfide bridges, and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. | Bonds in Tertiary structures |
| One polypeptide chain in a complex | Subunit |
| Van der Waals, covalent, disulfide bridges, and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. | bonds in quaternary structure proteins |
| The proper confirmation | The term for a completely proper way of folding a protein is... |
| The one in tertiary structure happens within itself whereas the one in quaternary happens between two different subunits. | What is the difference between the Disulfide bond in a tertiary structure and in a quaternary structure. |
| when carbohydrates breakdown into CO2. Also known as burning or combustion. | Oxidation in carbohydrates is |
| CnH2nOn | General formula for a Monosaccharide |
| fructose, glucose, Ribose | most common monosaccharide |
| It is the link between two sugar molecules covalently bonded by a dehydration reaction requiring an enzymatic catalysis | glycosidic linkage definition |
| Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, and Cellobiose | common disaccharides include |
| one form in which body fuel is stored; primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed | glycogen |
| 1. Adipose cells, triglycerides which store energy
2. Phospholipids form a barrier between extracellular and intercellular environments in the cell membrane.
3. Cholesterol is a specific lipid that serves as the building block of hydrophobic steroid hormones. | The three physiological roles of lipids |
| non-polar and only containing carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds. | hydrophobic substances |
| Long unsubstituted alkanes which end in a carboxylic acid | Fatty acid |
| Fatty acids with no carbon-carbon double bond | Saturated fatty acids |
| Fatty acids with one or more double bond between carbon-carbon. They are almost always cis. | Unsaturated fatty acids |
| They will interact with each other at the tail (hydrophobic) exposing the carboxylic group to the environment (hydrophilic). | What will happen if fatty acids were mixed in water? |
| The fatty acid storage form | Triacylglycerol/Triglyceride |
| Three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule. | How is the triglyceride formed? |
| Because free fatty acids are very reactive chemicals. | Why is it important to store fatty acids as tryglycerides? |
| an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream | Lipase |
| Fats and carbohydrates | Two energy storage units |
| 1. packaging: the hydrophobicity of fats allows them to pack much more closer to each other than carbohydrates.
2. Energy content: Fat molecules store more energy than carbohydrate molecules. | Two reasons why fats are more efficient at energy storage than carbohydrates |
| hydrocarbons with only single bonds | Alkanes |
| Hydrocarbons with at least one double bond | Alkenes |
| Hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond | Alkynes |
| membrane lipids derived from diacylglycerol phosphate | Phospholipids |
| Phospholipids form of minimizing interaction with water. This is stabilized by Van der Waals forces between the tails. | lipid bilayer |
| degree of saturation, cholesterol, tail length. | What determines the fluidity of the cell membrane? |
| Keeping the fluidity of the cell membrane at an optimum. | What's cholesterol's role in the membrane? |
| can be linear or cyclic and are classified by the number of isoprene they have. | Terpenes |
| Included as fats because of their hydrophobic properties. | Steriods |
| All steroids have tetracyclic ring based on the structure of cholestrol. | What is the structure of the steroids? |
| It is obtained from the diet, synthezied in the liver, and carried by the blood packages with proteins and fats. | Where is cholesterol obtained from, synthesised and carried to? |
| because it does not contain any carbon. | Why is phosphoric acid inorganic? |
| 1. it can donate three protons
2. at physiological pH, it is dissociated | Name two properties of phosphoric acid. |
| two orthophosphates (phosphate) bound together via anhydride linkage. | Pyrophosphate |
| 1.linked phosphates repel each other with their negative charge.
2. orthophosphate has more resonance thus lower free energy than linked phosphate.
3. orthophosphate has a more favorable interaction with water than linked phosphate. | Three reasons why phosphate anhydride bonds store so much energy... |
| building blocks of DNA and RNA | Nucleotides |
| ribose/deoxyribose sugar group purine/pyrimidine base joined to carbon 1 of the ribose ring and one, two, or three phosphate unites joined to carbon 5 of the ring. | What does each nucleotide contain? |
| power cellular process
synthesize glucose/fat | What is ATP used for? |
