| What tissue group does blood belong to? | Connective tissue |
| Circulatory system is divided into what systems? | Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system |
| What is the function of Blood? | Blood serves as a transport mechanism for nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products |
| What circulates the blood? | Blood circulation is powered by the pumping of the heart |
| What occurs during blood circulation? | oxygen and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls into body tissues.
hormones are transported from endocrine glands
regulation of body temperature
conveys cells of immune system |
| Blood volume in men vs women | males: 5-6 liters
females: 4-5 liters |
| What are the cellular and liquid components of blood? | blood cells
plasma (liquid portion) |
| Define Hematocrit | Hematocrit is the measure of red blood cells (a percentage) |
| Percentage of red blood cells in males vs females | males: 47%
females: 42% |
| Define Buffy coat | buffy coat is the portion of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets
- think of spinning of blood |
| Name what is covered | Buffy Coat |
| Describe the composition of blood | Erythrocytes H20 Plasma solutes LeukocytesPlatelets inorganic components (NaCl..) Plasma proteins Organic metabolites/waste products |
| Describe blood plasma | sticky fluid portion of blood
90% water
contains over 100 molecules
- ions (Na+ and Cl-)
- Nutrients (sugars, lipids, amino acids)
- wastes (C02, urea, ammonia)
- proteins |
| What are the three main proteins found in blood plasma? | 1. Albumin
2. Globulins
3. Fibrrinogen |
| Function of Albumin | The albumin protein prevents water from diffusion out of the blood vessels |
| Function of Globulins | Globulin protiens include antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron and copper |
| Function of Fibrinogen | Fibrinogen protein is involved in the chemical reactions for blood clotting |
| Main function of Erythrocytes | erythrocytes are oxygen transporting cells |
| Describe erythrocytes | erythrocytes are the most numerous cells in blood
have no organelles or nuclei
ideal measuring tool for estimating sizes of nearby structures |
| What is found in erythrocytes? | erythrocytes are packed with oxygen carrying hemoglobin |
| What gives blood its red color? | Hemoglobin bears 4 oxygen molecules and each O2 molecule bears an iron molecule, oxidation of iron atoms causes the red color |
| Detailed description of erythrocyte function | - pick up O2 at lung capillaries and release them to other tissue capillaries that are oxygen poor |
| What characteristics allow erythrocytes to carry on its respiratory function? | - their biconcave shape
- they are 97% hemoglobin
- they lack mitochondrias
- only pick up O2, do not consume it |
| Define Leukocytes | Leukocytes protect the body from infectious micororganisms (pathogens) by working outside the blood stream in the loose connective tissue |
| Define Diapedesis | capillaries dialate allowing circulating leukocytes to leave the capillaries and enter tissue |
| where do leukocytes originate? | Leukocytes originate in the bone marrow |
| What are the different types of white blood cells (leukocytes)? | 1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes/macrophages/mast cells
3. Eoosinophils
4. Basophils
5. Neutrophils |
| Name what is covered | Plasma |
| Name what is covered | Erythrocytes |
| Name what is covered | Neutrophil |
| Name what is covered | Monocyte |
| Name what is covered | Eosinophil |
| Name what is covered | Lymphocyte |
| What are the functions of white blood cells? | function is to defend the body from pathogens |
| What are the two classifications of white blood cells? | Granular and non-granular |
| Where are non-granular white blood cells (agranulocytes) made | in the lymph nodes |
| Where are granular white blood cells made (granulocytes) | directly in the bone marrow |
| Describe/Define neutrophils | type of granulocyte
most numerous white blood cell
nucleus has 2-6 lobes
first line of defense in inflammatory response
Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
release enzymme into matrix of infected tissue |
| Describe/Define mast cells | sometimes are considered a blood cell
originate in the bone marrow
central cell in inflammation
contain cellular bags of granules |
| Where are mast cells located? | located in close connective tissue close to blood vessels
found in skin and lining of GI and respiratory tracts |
| What causes mast cells to activate? | physical injury, chemical agents, presence of antibodies, presence of bacteria and viruses |
| What happens when mast cells are activated | granules (histamines) are released |
| What is a key role of mast cells? | mast cells play a key role in initiating allergic reactions |
| What causes dilation of blood vessels? | the release of granules (histamine) |
| Dilation of blood vessels causes... | the synthesis of chemical mediators: leukotrienes and prostaglandins |
| Describe/Define Eosinophils | - large granulocytes
- contain enzymes active in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
- also have secret enzymes that degrafe histamines |
| What role do eosinophils play? | Eosinophils play a role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens |
| Describe/Define Basophils | - pretty small amount/rare
- nucleus typically has 2 lobes
- granulocytes
- secrete histamine
-similar to mast cells but instead are secondary sources |
| Function of Basophils? | Basophils function in inflammation mediation
they direct later stages of inflammation in allergies and parasitic infections. |
| What are the 2 main classes of lymphocytes? | T cells and B cells
- also includes monocytes |
| What are T-cells | T cells are agranulocytes who attack foreign cells directly |
| What are B-cells | B cells are agranulocytes that multiply and become plasma cells
- they secrete antibodies |
| Describe Lymphocytes | Lymphocytes are the most important cells of the immune system
effective in fighting infectious organisms
act against antigen (foreign molecule) |
| Describe monocytes | monocytes are the largest leukocytes
agranulocytes |
| What do monocytes transform into? | monocytes transform into macrophages
- they are phagocytic cells |
| Describe platelets | small cell fragments
no nuclei |
| Functions of platelets | adhere to damaged blood vessels
aggregate with one another
facilitate the generation of thrombin
function of blood clotting |
| Name what is covered | Neutrophil |
| Name what is covered | Band neutrophil |
| Name what is covered | Eosinophil |
| Name what is covered | Lymphocyte |
| Name what is covered | Basophil |
| Name what is covered | Monocyte |
