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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Glands>hormones>effect Control and communication system -co-ordinates -growth and development -regulates (homeostasis) -integrates -metabolism	Endocrine System (5 points)
An organ or specialised group of epithelial derived tissue that synthesises and secretes hormones	Glands
-Chemical messengers -bind to specific receptors on target cells -synthesised and secreted by glands and specialised cells (including some neurons)	Hormones (3 points)
Steroid Hormones Protein hormones	Hormones Types (2)
Derived from cholesterol e.g. Thyroid, testosterone	Steroid Hormones (Derived from and example)
Derived from amino acids e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin, insulin and glucagon	Protein Hormones Dervided from and example
-Hypothalamus -pituitary gland -thyroid gland -parathyroid gland -thymus gland -adrenal glands -kidneys -adipose tissue -ovaries/testes	List of Glands/organs involved in Endocrine system (10)
Controls and number of other endocrine organs: “master gland” e.g. growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)	Pituitary gland
-Secretes T3 and T4 -T3 is biologically active to influence metabolism -iodine essential mineral for optimal thyroid function -nutritional deficient of iodine can affect thyroid function	Thyroid Gland (4 points)
thyroxine	T3
Triiodothyronine	T4
-iodine essential mineral for optimal thyroid function - nutritional deficiency of iodine can affect thyroid function	Iodine
-endocrine gland -4 in the body (dorsal side, back of thyroid gland) -in low calcium levels, produces PTH	Parathyroid Gland
Secrete hormones involved in a variety of physiological processes. E.g. metabolism and fluid/electrolyte balance -adrenaline & noradrenaline -aldosterone -cortisol -sex steroids (androgens, oestrogens)	Adrenal Glands (function and 4 hormones)
-Gland in the digestive system -responds to nutrient ingestion by release of hormones -endocrine and exocrine cells within pancreas -endocrine cells produce hormones	Pancreas (4 points)
Pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct. The exocrine glands include the salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract	Exocrine
Parathyroid hormone	PTH
-Are the endocrine cells of pancreas -tiny clusters of cells dispersed throughout the pancreas -contain Alpha cells (secrete glucagon) -contain beta cells (secretes insulin)	Islets of Langerhans (4 points)
-Secreted by Alpha cells in islets of Langerhans -Increases blood glucose -increases breakdown of glycogen. -increases synthesis of glucose -catabolic hormone -regulates release of glucose	Glucagon (6 points)
-Secreted by Beta cells in islets of Langerhans -Pancreatic Hormone -Lowers Blood Glucose -Increases transport of glucose (from blood to liver, for storage) -Anabolic Hormone -regulates storage of glucose	Insulin (6 points)
-Inability to control blood glucose levels -Glucose cannot be used as fuel by cells -Can lead to severe health issues and ultimately death if untreated TYPE 1 and TYPE 2	Diabetes
-No insulin produced -early onset -10% of diabetes cases	Type 1 Diabetes (3 points)
-cells become resistant to insulin -90% of diabetes cases	Type 2 diabetes (2 points)
Fasting <6.1 mmol/L Non-fasting <7.8 mmol/L	Blood Glucose concentrations- Healthy
Fasting ≥7 mmol/L Non-fasting ≥11.1 mmol/L	Blood Glucose concentrations- Diabetic
-from the kidneys -Stimulates stem cells to create RBC during hypoxia (to increase oxygen carrying capacity)	Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin, renin (enzyme) , Calcitriol	Renal Hormones
The body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Decrease in the pO2	Hypoxia
-Produced by kidneys when there’s a decrease in blood pressure -converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 -angiotensin 1 converts to angiotensin II in the lungs (with ACE)	Renin
Angiotensin converting enzyme	ACE
Increases blood pressure	Angiotensin II
-Active form of Vit D -Made from calcidiol in the kidneys, stimulated by PTH -increases absorption on Calcium Phosphate - increases calcium and phosphate levels	Calcitriol
Ability of the body to maintain a constant internal state	Homeostasis
Study of hormones	Endocrinology
Work all round the body. Travel in the blood.	Endocrine Hormones
Work locally to where they are produced	Paracrine hormones.
Work within a small distance of where they are produced (same cell, or next-door cell)	Autocrine hormones
-Outer layer of adrenal glands -Stimulated by ACTH -Steroids (e.g. cortisol and aldosterone) made here	Adrenal Cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Regulates levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland	ACTH
Human Growth Hormone	HCH
“control centre” of the endocrine system makes ADH and oxytocin controls pituitary gland	Hypothalamus
“stress hormone” increases blood sugar (energy)	Cortisol
Regulates blood volume/fluid	Aldosterone
Makes catecholamines	Adrenal Medulla
E.g. Adrenaline and noradrenaline	Catecholamines
Ovaries or testes. Release sex hormones. E.g. oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone.	Gonads
Flow of energy throughout the body	Metabolism
More than 120 mg/dL of glucose in the blood (can cause eye, nerve and kidney disease a.k.a diabetes)	hyperglycaemia -
Less than 70 mg/dL of glucose in the blood (can cause tiredness, fatigue, coma or death)	Hypoglycaemia