| What makes up the Axial Skeleton | Vertebral Column
Ribs
Auditory Ossicle
Sternum
Skull
Hyoid |
| How many bones form the vertebral column | 26 bones |
| What are the functions of the vertebral column? | - transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs
- surrounds and protects the spinal cord
- serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back |
| What holds the vertebral column together? | the vertebral column is held in place by ligaments |
| What ligaments hold the vertebral column in place? | - anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
- Ligamentum flavum |
| Name the different regions within the vertebral column | 1. Cervical Curvature; C1-C7
2. Thoracic Curvature; T1-T12
3. Lumbar Curvature; L1-L5
4. Sacral curvature; 5 fused vertebrae |
| What is at the end of the vertebral column | the coccyx which is 4 fused vertebrae |
| What role do curvatures play in regards to the spine | curvatures increase the resilience of the spine; the spine can withstand a lot of force |
| What are the primary curvatures? What are the secondary curvatures? | the primary curvatures are the thoracic and sacral curvatures because they are present at birth
the secondary curvatures are the cervical and lumbar curvatures because they develop when the baby begins to walk |
| Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament | the anterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the bony vertebrae and intervertebral discs
prevents hyperextension |
| Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament | the posterior longitudinal ligament is narrow and relatively weak
attaches to the intervertebral discs |
| Name the structure | Intervertebral discs |
| Name the structure | Anterior Longitudinal Ligament |
| Name the structure | Posterior Longitudinal ligament |
| Name the structure | Ligamentum Flavum |
| Name the structures | 1. Posterior longitudinal ligament
2. Anterior longitudinal ligament |
| What are intervertebral discs? | Intervertebral discs are cushion like pads between vertebrae |
| What are the intervertebral discs composed of? | The intervertebral discs are composed of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus |
| Define the nucleus pulposus | the nucleus pulposus is a gelatinous inner sphere and absorbs compressive stresses |
| Define Anulus fibrosus | anulus fibrosus are the outer rings formed of ligaments and the inner rings are formed of fibrocartilage
- contains the nucleus pulposus |
| Name the structure | Spinous process |
| Name the structure | Vertebral arch |
| Name the structure | Vertebral Foramen |
| Name the structure | Body of vertebrae |
| Name the structure | Transverse process |
| Name the structure | Lamina |
| Name the structure | Spinous process |
| What occurs in a herniated disc? | a rupture occurs and the the fibrous cartilage pushes up against a nerve which causes pain and or numbness |
| What is occuring in these photos? | 1. Scoliosis
2. Kyphosis
3. Lordosis |
| What does the thoracic cage form? | the thoracic cage forms the framework of the chest |
| What are the components of the thoracic cage? | - thoracic vertebrae
- ribs
- sternum and costal cartilage |
| What are the functions of the thoracic cage? | - protection; protects the thoracic organs
- support; supports the shoulder girdle and upper limps
- provides attachment for many muscles of the back |
| Name the structure | Jugular notch |
| Name the structure | Clavicular notch |
| Name the structure | True ribs (attach to sternum) |
| Name the structure | False ribs (do not attach to sternum) |
| Name the structure | Costal Cartilage |
| Name th structure | Xyphoid Process |
| Name the structure | Manubrium |
| Name structure | Body of sternum |
| Name structure | Sternum |
| Name the structure | costal cartilage at the end of the the rib |
| Name the structure | Intervertebral discs |
| Name the structure | shaft of rib |
| Name the structure | Articular facet |
| Name the structure | Ligaments between neck of rib and the tubercle of rib |
