| mean | average |
| standard deviation | a measure of how spread out the numbers are |
| differences | the result of subtracting one number from another |
| two sample t-test | method to test whether the unknown population means of two groups are the same |
| discrete variables | a variable that can only take on a certain number of values, e.g. the amount of children someone has |
| chi-square test | method to assess how well the observed data and the expected data fit together/are the same |
| paired t-test | method to compare the means of two related groups to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the two |
| rationale | a set of reasons for a course of action or belief, e.g. why you're doing a certain study? |
| correction for multiple comparison | correction that is done when you're comparing multiple groups at the same time, this is mostly done by altering the significance level |
| sample size | the number of participants in a study or observations used in a survey or experiment |
| power | the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false |
| statistical methods | mathematical concepts, formulas, techniques used in statistical analysis of random data |
| flow diagram | a diagram of the sequence of movements or actions of people involved in a complex activity, e.g. for the methods of an experiment |
| recruitment dates | the dates on which the best candidates for e.g. a study are found and invited |
| baseline data | the data initially collected which serves as a basis for comparison with the later acquired (testing) data |
| number analysed | the amount of participants in the study that were analysed |
| estimated effect size | a concept that measures the strength of a relationship between two numeric variables. the greater the effect size, the greater the difference |
| 95% confidence interval | a type of interval that contains the true value of an unknown population parameter in 95% of the cases |
| ancillary analysis | a statistic whose sampling distribution does not depend on the parameters of the model |
| harms, unintended effects | damage, a term used to describe a set of results that was not intended as an outcome |
| limitations | restrictions |
| interpretation of results | explaining the meaning of results |
| trial protocol | a document that describes how a clinical trial will be conducted and that ensures the safety of the subjects and integrity of the collected data |
| funding and support | money that is provided by an organization or government for example for a study, material assistance |
| independent (or student's) t-test | an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a difference between the two means of unrelated groups |
| dependent (paired) t-test | compares the means of two related groups to determine whether there is a difference between them |
| dependent and independent variable | a variable that is likely to change
dependent variable -> a variable whose value depends on another variable e.g. y on x
independent variable -> a variable that does not depend on another variable e.g. x does not depend on y |
| hypothesis, research question, objective/aim | hypothesis -> explanation for something that is based on known facts/previous studies but has not been proven yet.
research question -> the core of a study, question that is going to be answered by the study
objective/aim -> goal of study |
| ordinal and categorical variable | ordinal (rank) -> A variable with two or more categories which have a clear ordering (low, medium, high, for example).
Categorical (nominal, nonnumerical) -> A variable that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories |
| interval and ratio variables | Interval -> The intervals between the values of the interval variable are equally spaced
Ratio -> Has all the properties of an interval variable, and also has a clear definition of 0.0. When the variable equals 0.0, there is none of that variable. |
| continuous and numerical variables | Continuous -> A variable that has an infinite number of possible values.
Numerical -> The values are numbers. They can be classified into discrete and continuous. |
| standard error of the mean (SEM) | the standard error, it's the standard deviation of a sampling distribution or an estimate of that standard deviation |
| normally distributed data | arrangement of data in which most values cluster in the middle of a range and the rest taper off symmetrically towards the extremes |
