| What does internal locus of control mean? | When we feel we have personal control over our own behaviour. |
| What does normative social influence mean? | Compliance because of the need to fit into a group. |
| What does obidience mean? | Complying with the orders of an authority figure |
| What does situational factors mean? | Features of a situation that influence whether or not we intervene in an emergency. |
| What does social issue mean? | A social problem or conflict that affects a community of people. |
| What does social issue mean? | A social problem or conflict that affects a community of people. |
| What does bystander effect mean? | Sometimes called bystander apathy, when we fail to help another in need. |
| What are the 5 situational factors of the bystander effect? | diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, social norms, personality, emotional arouse |
| What is diffusion of responsibility ? | When there is a huge crowd present so therefore we feel less personal responsibility, we assume others will take responsibility.
In a smaller crowd we might want to intervene more seeing as there are no many people |
| What is pluralistic ignorance? | We look at other people to help interpret the situation and that tell us how to respond. If we see other people not responding we assume that it is a non-emergency. |
| What is social norms? | Individualistic cultures place more value with individuals whereas collectivist cultures place more values on social groups. There for social norms with helping behavior in collectivist cultures require cooperation within social groups, whereas social norms for helping behavior with individualistic cultures require self-protection. This means less helping behavior from individualistic cultures and more from collectivist cultures. (specific groups in the social norms) |
| What is personality (situational factors) | An individual may have a personality that makes them more or less likely to intervene in emergencies. Someone may have Internal Local Control, meaning that they think they can make a difference in a situation, resulting in them helping. In contrast someone may have External Local Control which means they will most likely pass the responsibility to someone else. |
| What is emotional arousal? (situational factors) | The presence of an emergency may cause emotional arousal in bystanders (fear, anxiety, sympathy) this contributes whether the bystander relieves themselves by helping so that they don't feel bad. By weigh the personal costs (eg. the guilt of not helping Vs the personal risk of helping) and the benefits (reduction of anxiety/fear) to determine they way to reduce their emotional arousal. |
| What does anti-semitic mean? | Negative attitudes, prejudice or discrimination against Jews. |
| What does antisocial behavior mean? | Behaviour that is unhelpful, destructive and aggressive. |
| What does authoritarian personality mean? | A type of personality that is respectful of authority, right-wing in attitude and rigid in their beliefs. |
| What does authority figure mean? | Someone with more power and control than another |
| What does blind obidience mean? | When we comply with the orders of an authority figure without question; this tends to be associated with a negative outcome. |
| What does bystander effect mean? | Sometimes called bystander apathy, when we fail to help another in need. |
| What does collectivist culture mean? | A culture that emphasises group membership, interdependence and cooperation. |
| What does compliance mean? | Going along with the majority even though we privately do not agree. |
| What does confederate mean? | A researcher or other person who is acting in a study but does not know what the study is about. |
| What does comformity mean? | Matching the behaviour and beliefs of others in order to fit in or because we do not know how to behave in an unusual situation. |
| What does covert observation mean? | Participants are unaware that they are being observed. |
| What does culture mean? | A set for traditions, beliefs and values shared by a group of people. |
| What does deindividualisation mean? | Loss of personal self-awareness and responsibility as a result of being in a group. |
| What does demand characteristics mean? | When the participant alters their behaviour in response to the perceived aims of the investigation. |
| What does diffusion of responsibility mean? | When we believe others will help so we do not have to. |
| What does external locus of control mean? | When we feel that factors external to us control our behaviour. |
| What does F-scale mean? | A questionnaire designed to identify authoritarian personalities or traits. |
| What does field experiment mean? | A procedure staged in a naturalistic environment. |
| What does identification mean? | Temporarily adopting the behaviours of a role model or group. |
| What does individualistic culture mean? | A culture that emphasises independence, autonomy and individuality. |
| What does informative social influence mean? | Conformity because we do not know how to behave; others provide this information so we adopt their beliefs and behaviours. |
| What does internal locus of control mean? | When we feel we have personal control over our own behaviour. |
| What does internalisation mean? | Going along with the majority because we do not know how to behave in a situation – we adopt the beliefs of the group. |
| What does locus of control mean? | The extent to which we believe we have control over our behaviour/life. |
| What does momentum of compliance mean? | When we start something we feel compelled to finish it. |
| What does normative social influence mean? | Compliance because of the need to fit into a group. |
| What does obidience mean? | Complying with the orders of an authority figure |
| What does personality factors mean? | Features of an individual (e.g. traits) that influence how likely they are to intervene in an emergency. |
| What does prosocial behaviour mean? | Behaviour that is seen as helpful, kind, co-operative and peaceful. |
| What does situational factors mean? | Features of a situation that influence whether or not we intervene in an emergency. |
| What does social issue mean? | A social problem or conflict that affects a community of people. |
| What does society mean? | A group of people in a community. |
| What is conformity? | Yielding to group pressure. It is when an individual opinons or behaviour are influenced by larger group of people which is known as majority influence. |
