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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
- Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or farther form the origin of the structure	distal
- Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or farther form the origin of the structure	distal
- Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or farther form the origin of the structure	distal
- Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or farther form the origin of the structure	distal
- Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or farther form the origin of the structure	distal
it deals with identifying and label the structures associated with that organ	ANATOMY
concerned with the function of the organ	physiology
studies structure that can be seen in the naked eye	gross anatomy
studies structure that can be seen with the aid of microscope	microscopic anatomy
study surface markings of the body to understand inside anatomy through visualization and palpation	surface anatomy
studies structures of specific body systems.	systemic anatomy
studies structures found within specific regions of the body.	regional anatomy
studies structures that be viewed with x-rays, MRI and CT scans.	radiographic anatomy
studies changes (Gross-Microscopic) in organs or tissues associated with the disease process.	pathological anatomy
study of the development of the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of the human egg.	embryology
studies the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.	developmental biology
study of hormones.	endocrinology
study of body’s defense against invading microorganism	immunology
function of nerves.	neurophysiology
function of the kidneys.	renal physiology
– function of the lungs and air passageways.	respiratory physiology
function of the heart and blood vessels.	cardiovascular physiology
functional changes associated with the disease and aging.	pathophysiology
• Atoms and Molecules; smallest unit of matter that can participate in chemical reactions.	chemical level
• Molecules combine to form cells • Cells are basic structural and functional unit of an organism; smallest living unit in the human body.	cellular level
• Group of cells and extracellular matrix (fiber and ground substance) that work together to perform a particular function.	tissue level
types of tissue	 Connnective tissue  Muscle tissue  Epithelial tissue  Nervous tissue
• Group of two or more tissues functioning together.	organ level
• Group of related organs with common function. • Digestive system = Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, small and large Intestines.	system level
• Digestive + Integumentary + Skeletal + Cardiovascular + Respiratory + Reproductive + Muscular + Nervous + Urinary + Endocrine + Lymphatic System	organism level
sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body.	metabolism
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.	catabolism
building of complex chemical substance from smaller and simpler components.	anabolism
ability to detect and respond to changes.	responsiveness
motion of the whole body and even the organelles within the cells.	movement
an increase in body size that results from increase in the number and size of cells.	growth
development of cell from an unspecialized to specialized state.	differentation
production of ne individual or formation of new cells for tissue repair or replacement.	reproduction
any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.	homeostasis
Increase in blood insulin	hyperglycemia
Decrease in blood insulin	hypoglycemia
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed,	feedback system
most of the time the brain; sets rage of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained.	control center
body structure that monitors changes in controlled condition and sends input to the control center.	receptor/sensor
body structures that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes controlled condition.	effector
reverse the change in the controlled condition.	negative feedback system
tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one body’s controlled conditions.	positive feedback system
 Standard position of reference	• Anatomical Position
if the body is lying face down	prone position
if the body is lying face up	supine
MAJOR REGION OF THE BODY	HEAD, NECK, TRUNK, UPPER LIMBs, LOWER LIMBS
encloses and protect the brain	skull
front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and chin	face
supports the head and attach it to the trunk	neck
 Chest  Abdomen  Pelvis	trunk
– shoulder to elbow	proximal
from elbow to wrist and hand	distal
proximal portion: buttocks to knee	thigh
knee to ankle	leg
buttocks, thigh, leg, ankle ,foot	lower limbs
- Upper part of a structure; Towards the head	superio/cephalic/cranial
- Towards the surface of the body	superficial
- Away from the head and lower part of a structure	inferior/caudal
- Near to or at the front of the body	anterior/ventral
- Near to or at the back of the body	posterior/dorsal
- Nearer to the midline	medial
- Farther from the midline	lateral
- On the same side of the body as another structure	ipsilateral
On the opposite side of the body as another structure	- contralateral
- Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or nearer to the origin of the structure	proximal
- Farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or farther form the origin of the structure	distal
- Away from the surface	deep
are imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts	plane
vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left side	sagittal plane
divides the body into two equal parts (right and left)	midsagittal/median
divides the body to an unequal right and left (away from the midline)	parasagittal
divides the body into front and back (divides the body into front/back, ventral/dorsal or anterior/posterior)	frontal/coronal plane
divides the body into superior and inferior	transverse plane/ horizontal plane
passes through the body or organ at an angle other than 90 degrees	oblique plane
are cut portions of the body of its organ made along of the planes	sections
spaces within the body that helps protect, separates and support internal organs	body cavities
contains the brain	cranial cavity
contains spinal cord	vertebral /spinal
also known as chest cavity. Formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum, and thoracic portion of the vertebral column	thoracic cavity
fluid- filled space that encloses the heart	pericardial cavity
2 fluid-filled spaces that encloses the lungs	pleural cavity
central portion of the thoracic cavity	mediastinum
under mediastinum	 Thymus  Esophagus  Trachea  Aorta
central portion of the thoracic cavity Found between the lungs Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column Extends from the first rib to diaphgram	mediastirnum
separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity	diaphragm
contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small, intestine, and most of the large intestine	abdominal cavity
– contains the urinary bladder, some portions of the large intestine and internal organs of the male and female reproductive system	pelvic cavity
thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, and partitions structures	membranes
double layered membrane covering the body cavities that do not directly open to the exterior	serous membrane
line cavities or tube that open the exterior portion of the body	mucous membrane
the membrane that is directly in contact with the heart is called	visceral pericardium/membrane
provides the wall of the cavity	parietal pericardium cavity
between the visceral and parietal membrane	pericardial cavity/fluid
comes in contact directly with the lungs	visceral pleura
membrane that forms the wall of the cavity	parietal pleura
space between the parietal and the visceral membrane where you can find the fluid	pleural cavity