| SPECIES of plasmodium that are human pathogens | PLAsmodium ( falciparum,vivax,ovale,malariae, kowlesii, cynomolgi) |
| mode of transmission of malaria | from person to person by the ANOPHELINE mosquito, by contaminated needles, blood transfusion and organ transplant. |
| distribution of malaria | tropical regions of sub saharan africa, asia, oceania and latin america |
| epidemic determinants factors of malaria | 1)drought
2) elevated drug resistance
3) abnormal temperature
4) land pattern changes
5) high malnutrition rates |
| species virulence factor of plasmodium sp. | 1)antigenic variation
2) drug resistance,
3)cytoadherence of infected rbc,
4)intracellular multiplication
5) life cycle |
| 4 stages of malaria parasite | 1) exo-erythrocytic stage
2) erythrocytic stage
3)sexal/asexual stage
4) sporogenic stage |
| where does the sporogenic stage of the malaria paraiste life cycle takes place | in the malaria: after injection of gametocytes from the transport host, they mature into : microgametocyte- microgametocyte with exflagellate- macrogametocyte- ookinen- oocyct- sporozoites. |
| describe the human stage of the malaria parasite life cycle: | infection occurs when malaria takes a meal an injects the sporozoites into the human.
human liver stage is the exo-erythrocytic stage: where sporozoites develop into schizont in the liver cells. schizonts rupture and enter into the Erythrocytic stage in the human rbc; where trophozoites develop into gametocytes. |
| what is the infective stage of the malaria parasite | sporozoites injected into the blood stream when mosquito takes a meal |
| what is the diagnostic stage of the malaria parasite | when the parasite enters the erthrocytic stage in the rbc. schizont develops into gametocytes. |
| what is the gold standard laboratory diagnosis of malaria parasite | thick or thin BF with Giemsa/hematoxillin stain and whole blood and look for trophozoites and gametocytes in the : cytoplasm, nucleus for schuffners dot and pigments which indicate the presence of the parasite |
| OTHER lab and serological methods for screening for malaria parasite | 1)used to detect antibodies: limited because antibodies may be absent in acute infection.
2)antigen detection is a rapid test that may tell the presence of the parastate but not the species
3)PCR
4) detection using fluorescent dyes: using the kwamato technique to stained with acridine orange or BCT(benzo. DNA stain green and cytoplasmic RNA stain red. viewing in done with a florescent microscope or light microscope with an interference filter. limited because florescent microscopes are expensive.
5) buffy coat method
the benefit of testing is in early treatment |
| treatment of malaria infection | depends on the stage of the reproductive cycle
exo-erythrocytic stage/ tissue schizonticiedes: PRIMAQUINE
ERYTHROCITIC STAGE/ BLOOD SCHIZONTICIDE: CHLOROQUINE PHOPSHATE. if resistant to chloroquine, use ; MEFLOQUINE, DOXYCYCLINE, QUININE, PYREMETHAMINE HALOFANTINE ARTEMISININ, ATOVAQUONE
GEMETOCYTOCIDAL: USE QUININE GLUCONATE, ARTESUNATE, QUININE DIHYDORCHLORIDE, ARTEMETHER |
| TREATMENT IN THE ERYTHOCITIC STAGE | ERYTHROCITIC STAGE/ BLOOD SCHIZONTICIDE: CHLOROQUINE PHOPSHATE. if resistant to chloroquine, use ; MEFLOQUINE, DOXYCYCLINE, QUININE, PYREMETHAMINE HALOFANTINE ARTEMISININ, ATOVAQUONE |
| GEMETOCYTOCIDAL TREATMENT | USE QUININE GLUCONATE, ARTESUNATE, QUININE DIHYDORCHLORIDE, ARTEMETHER |
| TISSUE SCHIZONTICIDES TREATMENT | PRIMAQUINE |
| COMPLICATION Of malaria | anaemia: very severe in P falciparum
cns involvement: present and usually sever in P. flacilparum
nephrotic syndrome: always present in P. malariae
hypoglycemia pulmonary edema, respiratory distress, metaboloc acidosis malaria pregnancy |
| prevention; | chomoprophylaxis, ppe, avoidance and vaccines
use trimethroprine/ cortimoxazole in hiv patients |
| the group that P.vivax does not infect? | individual who lack Duffy antigens on the surface of their rbc, especially black people |
| prevention of malaria infection in hiv patients? | use trimethroprine/ cortimoxazole in hiv patients |
