| List the following causes of superventricular tachycardia: | Alcohol.
Emotional stress.
Smoking.
Hormone imbalance. |
| What type cardiac rhythm that deviates from normal sinus rhythm. | Cardiac dysrhythmia |
| List the following for chambers of the heart: | Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle |
| What happens when the two ventricles contact? | The two atria relax. |
| What is the phase of contraction called? | Systole. |
| What is the phase of relaxation called? | Diastole. |
| What does a complete diastole and systole of both atria and ventricles constitutes as? | A cardiac cycle. |
| The heart deliver the blood to large vessels called what? | Arteries. |
| What are large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart? | Arteries. |
| What arteries branch in to smaller vessels called what? | Arterioles. |
| What does arterioles do? | Delivers the blood to the tissues. |
| The arterioles divide into microscopic vessels called? | Capillaries |
| What is the link pattern which carries the blood to the heart? | Artery ➡️ Arteriole ➡️ Capillary ➡️ Venule ➡️ Vein |
| What type cardiac rhythm that deviates from normal sinus rhythm. | Cardiac dysrhythmia. |
| A rapid, regular rhythm originating in the SA node; characterized by a heart beat of 100 to 150 bpm or more. | Sinus tachycardia. |
| A slow rhythm originating in the SA node; characterized by a pulse rate of less that 60 bpm. | Sinus bradycardia. |
| List some of the following causes of sinus tachycardia: | Excessive caffeine.
Anxiety.
Tobacco. |
| A very rapid production of atrial impulses; if untreated, the ventricular response rate my be 100 to 180 bpm. | Atrial fibrillation. |
| List some of the following causes of atrial fibrillation: | Cardiac surgery.
Long-standing hypertension.
Pulmonary embolism.
Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD).
Heart failure. |
| First-degree heart block | Is often asymptomatic. |
| Second-degree block | Vertigo, weakness, and irregular pulse. |
| Third-degree block | Disease that is progressing, accompanied by hypotension, angina, and bradycardia. |
| What are abnormal heartbeats that arise from the right or left ventricle? | Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). |
| What occurs when the ventricular musculature of the heart is quivering? | Ventricular fibrillation. |
| What is a radioactive isotope that transported actively into normal cells? | Thallium-201. |
| What uses high-frequency ultrasound directed to the heart? | Echocardiography. |
| An abnormal defiance of oxygen in the arterial blood. | Hypoxemia. |
| An abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood. | Polycythemia. |
| Restoring the heart’s normal sinus rhythm by delivering a synchronized electric shock through two paddles placed on the patient’s chest. | Cardioversion. |
| List the following modifiable factors: | Smoking.
Hypertension.
Hyperlipidemia.
Obesity
Lack of exercise.
Emotional stress.
Diabetes mellitus. |
| List the following nonmodifiable factors: | Age.
Gender.
Family history. |
| Cigarette smokers have a two to three time greater risk of developing what? | Cardiovascular disease. |
| What are elevated contraction of any of all lipids in the plasma? | Hyperlipidemia. |
| What is called the “silent killer” because a patient with elevated blood pressure does not display signs and symptoms of heart disease until damage has begun to develop. | Hypertension. |
| List the following causes of superventricular tachycardia: | Alcohol.
Emotional stress.
Smoking.
Hormone imbalance. |
| What is the specialized layer that allows the heart to contract? | Myocardium. |
| What is the master pacemaker of the heart? | SA node. |
| A pitting edema that can be depressed approximately 1/4 in and refill in 15 seconds. | +2 edema. |
| What does an ejection fraction cardiac output 42% indicates? | Moderate heart failure. |
| Age-related changes can affect the peripheral circulation because of what? | Sclerosed blood vessels. |
| Infective Endocarditis | ? |
| What is PVCs capable of progressing into? | Ventricular tachycardia and death. |
| What is the desired INR for monitoring of anticoagulant therapy? | Between 2 and 3. |
| Person with angina should avoid the following: | Exposure to cold.
Heavy exercise.
Eating heavy meals.
Emotional stress. |
| What is the major cause of cardiac valve disease. | Rheumatic fever. |
| List the following sign and symptoms of angina pectoris: | Substernal pain that radiates down the left arm. |
| What is elevated when there is infarcted myocardial muscle? | CK-MB. |
| The American Heart Association recommends a lipid study every how many years? | 4 to 6. |
| True or False: Secondary hypertension is a consistently elevated blood pressure that is cause by another disorder. | True. |
| List the following evidence of a stasis ulcer: | Edematous, red scaly skin on medial surface of the leg. |
| The hazards of cigarette smoking and are primary focus of patient teaching of what disease? | Buergers disease. |
| What can result from rapid infusion of intravenous fluid in older adults? | Heart failure. |
| What is the third step in the impulse pattern of the conduction through the heart? | Atrial-ventricular AV node. |
| What is the pattern of conduction through the heart? | The conduction begins with the impulse from the SA node that travels down the atrial wall to the AV node, to the Bundle of His, to the bundle branches, and finally to the Purkinje fibers. |
| What is the path of blood travel thought the coronary circulation? | The blood travels through the vena cava to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary veins deliver the blood to the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle and out the
aorta to the body. |
| List following indications of right-sided heart failure: | Increased abdominal girth.
Edema of feet and ankles.
Distended jugular veins. |
| What is the cause of ventricular fibrillation? | Myocardial ischemia.
Infarction. |
| List some of the following causes of ventricular fibrillation: | Untreated ventricular tachycardia.
Electrolyte imbalance.
Hypothermia. |
| List the following nursing interventions for Digoxin/Lanoxin: | Monitor apical pulse; ensure rate is above 60bpm.
Monitor for digitalis toxicity; nausea, vomiting, etc. |
| List the following nursing interventions for Beta-Adrenergic Blockers: | Monitor heart rate and BP carefully.
Monitor for bradycardia, hypotension, etc. |
| List the following nursing interventions for Warfarin/Coumadin: | Asses patient for signs of bleeding and hemorrhage.
Review food high in vitamin K.
Monitor prothrombin time and international normalized ratio. |
| What's the CAB of CPR? | C, circulation.
A, restore airway
B, restore breathing |
| Decreased blood supply to body organ or part, often marked by pain and organ dysfunction. | Ischemia. |
| What is used to treat abrupt or threatened vessel closure after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA? | Stent placement. |
| What occurs from chronic deep vein insufficiency and stasis blood in the venous system of the legs? | Venous stasis ulcers. |
| What can develop after a deep vein thrombosis? | Postphlebetic syndrome; swelling of the extremity. |
| What is the inflammation of a vein in conjunction with the formation of the thrombus; it occurs frequently in women and effects people of all races. | Thrombophlebitis. |
| What is an occlusive vascular condition in which the small and medium-sized arteries become inflamed and thrombotic? | Buerger's disease. |
| A chronic condition; amputation may be necessary if the condition progresses due to chronic infection and extensive tissue distruction. | Buerger's disease. |
| What disease is cause by intermittent arterial spasms? | Raynaud's disease. |
| What would a patient complain about when having Raynaud's disease? | Chronically cold hands and feet. |
| True or False: People whose blood pressure is in the prehypertensive range are twice the risk for developing hypertension as people with normal value? | True. |
| List some of the following patient teaching for a patient with heart failure? | Monitor weight.
Low sodium diet.
Eat small meals.
Eat foods high in potassium.
Take ALL prescribed medications.
Report signs of hypotension, to health care provider. |
| What is the prominent factor of the development o valvular disease? | History of rheumatic fever. |
| The streptococcal infection in children may lie dormant for years in where? | Mitral valve or aortic valves. |
| What is produced when pulmonary edema occurs. | Frothy sputum is produced from air mixing with the fluid in the alveoli. |
| The accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung tissues and alveoli, most often cause by heart failure. | Pulmonary edema. |
| The following consequences of left ventricular failure: | Decreased cardiac output.
Pulmonary congestion. |
| The following consequences of right ventricular failure. | Chronic pulmonary disease.
Pulmonary hypertension. |
| List the following mnemonic for PATCHES: | Pulses.
Appearance.
Temperature.
Capillary refill.
Hardness.
Edema.
Sensation. |
| True or False: Peripheral arterial disease PAD of the lower extremities is accompanied by narrowing or occlusion of the intimal and medial layers of the blood vessels walls? | True. |
