| What are Hormones? | -They are Chemicals, made in Glands that called Endocrine Glands |
| How are Hormones Spread around the Body? | -They are Released Straight into the Bloodstream, which is then carried to the other Parts of the Body |
| What are Target Cells? What is a Target Hormone? | -This is the Cells that are Affected by the Hormone.
-They have the right receptors to Respond to that Hormone
-Organs which have Target Cells is called a Target Organ |
| Compare Nervous Systems Speed and Duration of Response with Hormonal. | -Nervous: Very fast Response, and Short
-Hormonal: Slow Response, but Longer. [Until Hormone has stopped] |
| Name some of the Glands that Produce Hormones | -Pituitary Gland: Gives out a Number of Hormones that can Act on the Body [Water Levels] and Hormones that can start the Production of other Hormones
-Thyroid Gland: Makes Thyroxine
-Pancreas: Makes Insulin
-Testes: Makes Testosterone
-Adrenal Glands: Makes Adrenaline
-Ovaries: Makes Oestrogen |
| What is Adrenaline? | This is a Hormone, released from the Adrenal Gland. The Adrenal Gland is located above the Kidneys |
| What does Adrenaline prepare the body to do? How? | -This makes the body to 'Fight or Flight'
-Basically, its makes you fight something/someone or you run away Bravely
-It can achieve this by starting Processes which lead to more Oxygen and Glucose in Cells |
| What can Adrenaline do to the Heart? | -Adrenaline can go into certain Receptors in the Heart, which has the effect of the Heart contracting more in terms of Force and Frequency.
-Blood flow is Increased, and your muscles can get more Oxygen and Glucose, equalling more Respiration |
| What can Adrenaline do to the Liver? | -Adrenaline can also go into certain receptors in the Liver, which has the effect of the Liver breaking its Glycogen stores, which is basically more Glucose in the Blood Stream
-More Glucose equals more Respiration |
| What happens if your Brain detects a Stressful situation? | -Nervous Impulses are sent to the Adrenal Gland
-Adrenaline is sent out to the Body, for itself to get Ready. |
| What is Negative Feedback? | -This is simply the Body detecting when level of the Hormone is too high or low
-If too high, the Hormonal Production is stopped, and so no new Substances are made
-If too low, the Hormonal Production happens, and so new Substances are made. |
| Where is Thyroxine located? | -Thyroxine is found in the Thyroid Gland, which itself is in the Neck |
| What is Thyroxine's role? How can it be Released? | -Thyroxine is important in terms of Metabolic Rate [Rate of Reactions] so Growth and Protein Synthesis depend on it
-Thyroxine is released from the response of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone [TSH] which comes from the Pituitary Gland. |
| Does Thyroxine follow the Negative Feedback System? Why? | -Yes
-This ensures that the Right amount of Thyroxine is present in the Blood stream
-If it high, TSH from the Pituitary Gland is Inhibited ['Sucked'] which leads to Thyroxine Production stopping
-If too low, TSH from the Pituitary Gland starts, which leads to Thyroxine Production Starting |
| What is Testosterone? | -Main Male Sex hormone
-Made in the Testicles and starts up Sperm Production
-Involved in the Development of the Male Reproductive System |
| What is Oestrogen? | -Main Female Sex hormone
-Made in the Ovaries [Lower abdomen]
-Involved in the Menstrual Cycle and also boosts Female Sexual Characteristics |
| What is Progesterone? | -Female Sex Hormone
-Made in the Ovaries
-This helps to boost Pregnancy and also found in the Menstrual Cycle |
| What is FSH and LH? | -Females Sex Hormones
-FSH [Follicle-Stimulating hormone] and LH [luteinising hormone]
-Made in the Pituitary Gland, and help to Control the Menstrua Cycle |
| What is the Menstrual Cycle? | -This is simply a Monthly cycle of Events, which has the Female release an Egg, and the Uterus prepares itself for the chance of a Fertilised Egg. |
| What are the 4 stages of the Menstrual Cycle? | 1. Menstruation starts: Lining of the Uterus breaks down
2. Lining of Uterus builds up: Day 4-14, with day 14 seeing a Thick Spongy layer of Blood Vessels, waiting for a Fertilised Egg
3. Egg Develops and Released: Ovary, from Ovulation, releases an Egg at around Day 14
4. Lining is Maintained: For 14 days, the Lining is kept. If at day 28 the Egg hasn't Fertilised, the Lining of the Uterus breaks down, and the Cycle Repeats |
| How does FSH affect the Menstrual Cycle? Describes its Journey on a Graph | -FSH makes an Egg to mature.
-Starts up the Production of Oestrogen
-Always is the highest, until Egg is Released. [Comes 2nd Highest] |
| How does Oestrogen affect the Menstrual Cycle? Describes its Journey on a Graph? | -This has the Lining of the Uterus to Thicken up, and Grow
-Starts the Production of LH
-Inhibits ['Sucks' or Stops] the FSH Production, to ensure that 1 Egg is Released [Always isn't guaranteed]
-Is the 3rd Highest in terms of Level of Hormone, then becomes Lowest, until Day 28 which has it become 3rd again [This is if its NOT PREGNANT] |
| How does LH affect the Menstrual Cycle? Describes its Journey on a Graph? | -Starts the process of Releasing an Egg [This is Ovulation]
-'Sort off' starts the Production of Progesterone.
-Is Constant, 2 Highest, until the Egg is Released, which Peaks it, and become Highest, for a bit, until it Drops and becomes 2 highest again |
| How does Progesterone affect the Menstrual Cycle? Describes its Journey on a Graph | -Keeps the Lining of the Uterus
-When there is a Low Level of Oestrogen, and the Level of Progesterone falls, the Lining breaks down
-Inhibits the Production of LH and FSH
-When the Progesterone Level is Low, FSH can Increase which means the Cycle can start again.
-Lowest in terms of Level of Hormone, until after Day 14 where it becomes 3rd, but Drops rapidly at day 28 making it Lowest again |
| What happens, in terms of Hormones, if there is a Fertilised Egg implanted? | -The Level of Progesterone will still stay High, to ensure that the Lining is maintained during Pregnancy
-If the Level of Progesterone is high, FSH will not be High enough to kick start the Menstrual Cycle again |
