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level: Endocrinology

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Endocrinology

Question	Answer
• Processed under immunosero because it uses	Serum
the study of the endocrine system, hormones and role in the body. It influences the way we feel, we act, the things we do	Endocrinology
are essential in maintaining homeostasis and are sensitive to changes in the body	Hormones
• Network of ductless glands (No duct- vessel in which chemicals can stay before release)	Endocrine gland
endocrine cell found in glands will release a hormone directly to the blood stream and to the target cell	Secreting cells
• chemical products are passed out of the cell away from the gland in the means of vessel	Exocrine gland
• Chemical messengers (because they stimulate a certain process) that travel into the bloodstream to TARGET CELLS WITH specific receptors to the hormones and react in the presence of those substances.	Hormones
• Stimulated by an Imbalance in the body	Hormones
• Binds to specific receptors on the cell of origin resulting in self-regulation of its function	1. Autocrine
Side” binds to receptors in Adjacent cells	2. Paracrine
• Acts on immediately adjacent cell by direct cell-to-cell contact from one receptor to another	3. Juxtacrine
• It is similar to autocrine because it acts on itself but the manner is different because intracrine the hormone remains itself inside the cell	4. Intracrine
Pheromones- substances release from animals that causes a response in another organism	5. Ectrocrine (extra)
 Generally, secretes releasing hormones: it will stimulate the other hormones, Have an effect in the organ	• Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus releases	thyroid releasing hormones
 Releases secreting hormones; thyroid stimulating hormones	Pituitary
secrete hormones stimulated by the hormones in the hypothalamus. Ex. TSH- stimulated by the production of TRH from the hypothalamus.	 ANTERIOR PITUITARY
not a true endocrine gland, not able to produce hormones. It will just store hormones from the hypothalamus Ex. ADH	 POSTERIOR PITUITARY
• Goiter, enlarged neck, butterfly shaped organ found below the neck	Thyroid
Thyroid gland releases	T3, T4, Calcitonin
smallest endocrine gland which is embedded in thyroid gland (P shape), “marbles” releases PTH for calcium regulations.	• PARATHYROID
• Sitting on top of the kidneys “above kidneys”	3. Adrenals or Suprarenal
Adrenal Cortex	Aldosterone, Cortisol, Sex hormones
influences sodium levels	 Aldosterone
hyperglycemic agent, increases glucose level for you to produce ore energy “stress hormone”	 Cortisol
(All of us have testosterone (testes) and estrogen (ovary) it’s just that one predominates the other, the difference is the amount)	Sex hormones
Adrenal Medulla	Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Adrenaline
– involved in fight or flight response	 Epinephrine / Adrenaline, Noradrenaline Dopamine
• principle hyperglycemic agent: glucagon released by alpha cells of islets and Langerhans	Pancreas
Insulin: beta (decrease glucose) • Somatostatin – regulates insulin and glucagon released by delta cells	True
(vertebrates) one of usually two organs that produce ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone	Ovary
• Testosterone	6. Prostate / Testes
• EPO erythropoietin which is a hormone that increased the production of RBC	7. Kidneys
• Produces thymosin which increases T cell production (becomes smaller overtime, shrink)	Thymus
• located in the brain, responsible for melatonin which is a hormone responsible for sleep cycles	Pineal Gland
• Melanin (less melanin – lighter skin)	Skin
• Basically, proteins that has the same properties as proteins • A group of peptides will make up protein.	Peptides
Water soluble Lipid insoluble No transport protein Secondary messaging The receptor is outside	Peptides
 Insulin  FISH  Vasopressin  Glucagon  LH  Thyrotropin  Somatotropin  ACTH  Oxytocin	Peptides
• Basically, made up of lipids • Derived from cholesterol • Properties are related to lipids	Steroids
Water insoluble Lipid soluble With transport protein Primary messaging The receptor is inside	Steroids
➢ Aldosterone ➢ Cortisol ➢ Estrogen ➢ Testosterone ➢ Progesterone	Steroids
depends on the type of hormone’s	Amines
T3, t4, Catecholamines	Amines
• basically, how hormones regulate themselves	Feedback mechanism
Increase in product = decrease activity	Negative feedback
increase in product = elevate activity	POSITIVE FEEDBACK
Homeostatic- purpose Inhibitor	Negative feedback
Non-homeostatic – does not maintain the balance Enhancers	Positive feedback
Luteinizing hormone	Negative feedback
• Defect in the target organ itself	Primary
• Defect in the pituitary gland or the organ that stimulate the target gland	2. SECONDARY
• Defect in the hypothalamus (secretes releasing hormones)	Tertiary