| 4 types of distortions | exaggeration
minimisations
omissions
additions |
| purposeful action | Neisser 1996
everyday memory based on action
is purposeful
personal quality, meaningful
influenced by personality
influenced by social demands |
| episodic memory | Tulving 2002
memory of past events in life
'what', 'where', 'when'
human ability
travel back in mind, consciously |
| autobiographical memory | conway, whitecross 2001
subset episodic memories
to define identity
linking personal history to public history
support network of personal goals |
| how are autobiographical memories cued | studies look at distribution of autobio memories across lifespan
2 techniques
1. the cue word method
2. the important method |
| what is the cue word method | pp retrieves memory associated with each cue word |
| what is the important memory method | pp retrieves memories they feel represent important memories in their life |
| what are the 3 components of autobiographical memory? | 1. childhood amnesia
2. reminiscence bump
3. recency effect |
| theories of childhood amnesia | language & culture effect auto.. memory development
prelinguistic memories hard to express later on with language |
| theories of reminiscence bump | conway 2000
from theories of lifespan development
attributed to clustering of goal relevant events in teen & early adulthood
clustering of encoded memories in period of retrieval
preferential recall events from retrieval period |
| 2 parts of self memory system | 1. autobiographical memory knowledge
2. working self |
| 3 levels of autobiographical memory knowledge base | 1. lifetime periods- periods of time defined by major events
2. general events- repeated & external events taking place within given time
3. events specific knowledge- images, feelings related to specific event, located specific time & place |
| the working self | control processes operative at certain point
autobiographical knowledge encoded through goal structure
encoded events become part of autobiographical knowledge
retrieval- memories selectively constructed out of events from knowledge base relevant to goals of working self at time |
| what is cultural script account | each culture= own order & timing of major events occurring in life
danish sample
pps imagine another dane their gender
list 7 important events & age of occurrence
life scripts= schema |
| what are flashbulb memories | vivid long lasting memories for reception context
survey asking ppl when they learnt no. of public events |
| challenger study | morning after challenger explosion
surveyed same students 3 years later
40% pps memories= inconsistent with morning after report |
| study in cultural differences in remembering | middle aged American & Chinese adult recall 20 autobiographical memories
americans more individual exp. focus on own role & emotion
chinese more social & historical events |
| retelling vs recalling | different goals for stories
pps record descriptions & characteristics retelling personal memories over course of month |
