| What side of the periodic table do metals lie on? | left |
| What is the relationship between number of outer electrons of an element & group number? | Same group number = same number of outer electrons |
| How many outer electrons does group 0 have on the periodic table? | 8 |
| What are group 1 elements called? | Alkali metals |
| How reactive are alkali metals? | very reactive |
| What happens when alkali metals react with water? | they release hydrogen gas |
| How many outer electrons do alkali metals have? | 1 |
| Due to their reactivity, where are alkali metals stored? | under oil |
| What are group 7 elements called? | Halogens |
| How reactive are the halogens? | very reactive |
| Are the halogens metals or non-metals? | non metals |
| How many outer electrons do the halogens have? | 7 |
| What are group 0 elements called? | Noble Gases |
| How reactive are the noble gases? | very unreactive |
| Are the noble gases metals or non-metals? | non-metals |
| How many outer electrons do the noble gases have? | 8 |
| Why are the noble gases not 'Group 8'? | their lack of reactivity gives them a valency of 0
they are now called group 0 |
| Why are the noble gases monatomic? | they exist as single atoms not bonded to each other
they are already stable |
| What are the similiarities between elements in the same group? | Same number of outer electrons
similar chemical properties |
| What are the middle block elements? | Elements between group 2 & 3 |
| What are the middle block elements called? | Transition metals |
| What can many transition metals be used as? | Catalysts |
| What subatomic particles are atoms made of? | Protons, neutrons, electrons |
| Describe Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment | Rutherford fired beam of positively charged alpha particles at thin gold foil.
Most particles passed through foil without being deflected, some were deflected occasionally.
This is because the centre of the atom is positively charged + repels positively charged particles, while the rest of an atom is empty space. |
| What is the name of this diagram? | Rutherford's Atomic Model |
| describe Rutherford's atomic model | shows positively charged nucleus containing protons with negatively charged electrons in orbit outside the nucleus |
| What is the mass of a proton? | 1 |
| What is the charge of a proton? | 1+ |
| What is the location of a proton | inside nucleus |
| What is the mass of a neutron? | 1 |
| What is the charge of a neutron | 0 |
| What is the location of a neutron? | inside nucleus |
| What is the mass of an electron? | almost zero |
| what is the charge of an electron | 1- |
| what is the location of an electron? | in energy levels outside nucleus |
| why are atoms neutral? | they contain the same number of positive protons as negative electrons |
| atomic number is the same as what number of subatomic particles? | protons |
| what is mass number? | number of protons + number of neutrons |
| how are electrons arranged? | in energy levels around the nucleus |
| What does this diagram show us? | nuclide notation |
| in nuclide notation, what does the top left number show us? | mass number |
| in nuclide notation, what does the bottom left number show us? | atomic number |
| how do you calculate number of neutrons | mass number - atomic number |
| calculate the number of neutrons from this diagram | 2 |
| An atom has 13 protons and 14 neutrons. What is the nuclide notation for this atom? | ... |
| What are isotopes? | atoms with the same atomic number and a different mass number |
| what does this diagram show us | isotopes |
| What does a sample of an element contain? | A mixture of all the isotopes |
| What is the relative atomic mass of isotopes? | average mass of isotopes in a sample of an element |
| what do scientists use mass spectrometers for? | finding:
number of isotopes present
mass of each isotope
relative proportion of each isotope as percentage |
| what does m/z stand for in this diagram? | mass of each isotope |
| what do the two peaks in this mass spectrum diagram tell us? | there are two isotopes with mass of 35 & 37 |
| how do you calculate relative atomic mass? | ... |
| A sample of magnesium contains three isotopes of masses 24, 25, 26. The relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24.3. What does this tell you about the relative abundance of these isotopes? | There is a higher abundance of magnesium-24 in the sample, as the relative atomic mass is closest to 24. |
| How are electrons arranged in an atom? | in energy levels/shells |
| what are energy levels? | areas of space around the nucleus where electrons with certain energy will be found |
| Where are electrons with lowest energy found? | nearest the nucleus |
| where are electrons with highest energy found | the energy levels furthest from nucleus |
| How many electrons does the first shell hold? | 2 |
| how many electrons does the second shell hold | 8 |
| how many electrons does the third shell hold? | 8 |
| what is this diagram called | energy level diagram |
| how are electrons placed on energy level diagrams? | added to north, east, south and west
paired when there are more than four |
| What is an ion? | A charged atom |
| how are ions formed? | when atoms gain or lose electrons |
| why do atoms form ions? | to achieve stable electron arrangement |
| what is a stable electron arrangement? | a full outer energy level of electrons |
| do metal atoms lose or gain electrons to become stable? | lose |
| if an atom loses electrons to form ions does the charge become positive or negative? | positive |
| in which energy level do atoms lose electrons? | outer energy level |
| do non metal atoms lose or gain electrons to form ions? | gain |
| If an atom gains electrons to form ions, does the charge become positive or negative? | negative |
| What is the ion formula for strontium?
Electron Arrangement: 2,8,18,8,2
Symbol: Sr | Sr 2,8,18,8,2 → Sr 2,8,18,8²⁺ |
| What is the ion formula for Nitrogen
Electron Arrangement: 2,5
Symbol: N | N 2,5 → N 2,8³⁻ |
| What does this diagram show us? | Ion symbol |
| What information can be extracted from Ion Symbols? | mass no.
atomic no.
charge
symbol |
| An ion has a charge of 2+. How many electrons has it lost or gained? | Lost 2 |
| How do you calculate ion symbol when given no. of protons, neutrons and electrons? | Give atomic no.
Calculate mass no.
Calculate charge |
| How do you work out charge when given no. of protons neutrons and electrons? | Charge= atomic no. - no. of electrons |
| Calculate the ion symbol with these values:
20 protons
20 neutrons
18 electrons | ... |
