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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Devices that convert one kind of energy into another.	transducers
Conversion of energy from the environment Into a pattern of response by the nervous system; also, a sensory impression.	Sensation
Selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.	Perception
Study of how the mind interprets the physical proper- ties of stimuli.	Psychophysic
Minimum amount of physical energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time	absolute threshold
A decrease in sensory response to an unchang- ing stimulus.	Sensory adaptation
Basic attributes of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges, or colors.	Perceptual features
Cells in the cortex that respond to a specific at- tribute of an object.	Feature detector
Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message.	Selective attention
A failure to notice a stimulus because atten- tion is focused elsewhere.	Inattentional blindness
Photoreceptorsthataresensitivetocolor.	Cones
A theory of color vision based on three cone type s: red, green, and blue.	Trichromatic theory of color vision
Proposition that color vision is based on coding things as red or green, yellow or blue, or black or white.	Opponent-process theory of color vision
ELONGATED EYE	M y o p i a
Fairsightedness	Hyperopia
a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45	Presbyopia
(optics) defect in an optical system in which light rays from a single point fail to converge in a single focal point	astigmatism
rods cones	In dim light, vision depends mainly on the ____________________.In brighter light, color and fine detail are produced by the ____________________.
opponent process theory	C o l o r e d a f t e r i m a g e s a r e b e s t e x p l a i n e d b y
rhodopsin	D a r k a d a p t a t i o n i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o a n i n c r e a s e i n
the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti	cochlea
structure in cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound waves into action potentials	basilar membrane
receptor cells within the cochlea that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses	hair cells
proposition that pitch is decoded from the rate at which hair cells of the basilar membrane are firing	frequency theory of hearing
proposition that higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea	place theory of hearing
poor transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear	conductive hearing loss
loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner ear hair cells or auditory nerve	sensorineural hearing loss
damage caused by exposing hair cells to excessively loud sounds	noise induced hearing loss
sense of smell	olfaction
sense of taste	gustation
a theory that holding odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules	lock and key theory of olfaction
sensations produced by the skin, muscles, joints, viscera, and organs o balance	somesthetic senses
the senses of touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold	skin senses
the senses of body movement and positioning	kinesthetic senses
perception of balance, gravity, and acceleration	vestibular senses
pain based on large nerve fibers warns that bodily damage may be occurring	warning system
a theory proposing that pain messages pass through neural gates in the spinal cord	gate control theory
organizing perceptions by beginning with low level features	button up processing
perception guided by prior knowledge or expectations	top down processing
organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object against a less prominent background	figure-ground organization
an initial guess regarding how to organize a stimulus pattern	perceptual hypothesis
the principle that the perceived size of an object remains constant despite changes in its retinal image	size constancy
two equal length lines tipped with inward or outward pointing Vs appear to be of different lengths.	muller lyer illusion
a decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus	habituation
a reversal of habituation	dishabituation
changing in the brain that alters how we construct sensory info into perception	perception learning
ingrained patterns of organization and attention that affect our daily experience	perceptual habits