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level: Tissue

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Tissue

QuestionAnswer
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
are a group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities.Tissues
They include various types, ranging from hard (bone) to semisolid (fat) to liquid (blood).Tissues
is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues – it is a branch of pathologyHistology
What are the four basic tissue types:1. Epithelial tissues 2. Connective tissues 3. Muscular tissues 4. Nervous tissues
cover body surfaces and form glands and line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts.Epithelial tissues
protect, support, and bind organs.Connective tissues
Is a type of connective tissue that stores energyFat
Generate the physical force needed to make body structures move. They also generate heat used by the body.Muscular tissue
These detect changes in the body and respond by generating nerve impulses.Nervous tissues
Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers:Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm
Connective tissue and muscles are derived from ________Mesoderm
Nervous tissues are derived from ___________Ectoderm
Nervous tissue, outer skin later, sense organs, mouth, sinuses, and teethEctoderm
Digestive tract, lungs and respiratory tract, and bladderEndoderm
Muscles, bones, cartilage, blood and vessels, lymph tissue, parts of kidneys and gonadsMesoderm
is used to line surfaces and form protective barriers. It is also good at secreting things like mucous, hormones, and other substances.Epithelium
are closely attached together with gap junctionsCells
are named according to the shape of their cells, and the thickness or arrangement of their layers (of cells).Epithelia
is composed of a single layer of flat cells found:  In the air sacs of lungs  In the lining of blood vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels  In all capillaries, including those of the kidney  As the major part of a serous membraneSimple squamous epithelium
o is composed of a single layer of cube shaped cells. o It is often found lining the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands.Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
forms a single layer of column-like cells, ± cilia, ± microvilli, ± mucous (goblet cells). o Goblet cells are simple columnar cells that have differentiated to acquire the ability to secrete mucous.Simple Columnar Epithelium
o appears to have layers, due to nuclei which are at various depths. In reality, all cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer, but some do not extend to the apical surface. o Ciliated tissue has goblet cells that secrete mucous.Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
has an apical surface that is made up of squamous (flat) cells.  The other layers have different shapes, but the name is based on the apical layer.  The many layers are ideal for protection against strong friction forces.Stratified Squamous Epithelium
o has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells. o Locations include the sweat glands and part of the ♂ urethra o is very rare, and for our purposes, hardly worth mentioning.Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue.Transitional Epithelium
The apical “dome cells” of the top layer (seen here in relaxation) are an identifiable feature and signify an empty bladder .Transitional Epithelium
is a prominent feature of the outer layers of the skin.Stratified squamous epithelium
makes up epithelial membranes and lines the blood vessels.Simple squamous
is common in the digestive tractColumnar
is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract.Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
It is found in the bladderTransitional
lines ducts and sweat glandsCuboidal
is a specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary – it is extremely important in reducing turbulence of flow of blood.Endothelium
is found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mesothelium
are the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body – they are also the most heterogeneous of the tissue groups.Connective tissues
is the main protein of C.T. and the most abundant protein in the body, making up about 25% of total protein content.Collagen
is usually highly vascular and supplied with many nerves.Connective tissue
is a non-cellular material located between and around the cells.Extracellular matrix
t consists of protein fibers and ground substance (the ground substance may be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified.)Extracellular matrix
are the most numerous cell of connective tissues. These cells secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin, & reticular fibers) and a “ground substance” which varies from one C.T. to another.Fibroblasts
Makes the various cartilaginous connective tissueChondrocytes
Store triglyceridesAdipocytes
Makes up bonesOsteocytes
are part of the bloodWhite blood cells
are the “big eaters” that swallow and destroy invaders or debris. They can be fixed or wandering.Macrophages
Bloodmonocyte
LiverKupffer cells
SkinLangerhans
Connective tissueHistiocytes
Nervous systemMicroglia
BoneOsteoclasts
are also macrophages (“small eaters”) that are numerous in the blood.Neutrophils
play an important role in inflammation.Mast cells and eosinophils
Basophil in the bloodMast cell
Secrete antibody proteins and attack invadersLymphocytes
C.T. cells secrete 3 common fibers:o Collagen fibers o Elastin fibers o Reticular fibers
o Mesenchyme o Mucous connective tissueEmbryonic connective tissue
o Loose connective tissue o Dense connective tissue o Cartilage o Bone o LiquidMature connective tissue
gives rise to all other connective tissues.Mesenchyme
is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord and is a rich source of stem cellsMucous Connective Tissue (Wharton's Jelly)
Is the most widely distributed in the body. It contains several types of cells and all three fiber types.Areolar Connective Tissue
It is used to attach skin and underlying tissues, and as a packing between glands, muscles, and nerves.Areolar Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue is located in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and around organs and joints.Loose areolar
It reduces heat loss and serves as padding and as an energy source.Loose areolar
is a network of interlacing reticular fibers and cells.Reticular connective tissue
it forms a scaffolding used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodesReticular connective tissue
consists predominantly of fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged.Dense irregular connective tissue
It provides strength when forces are pulling from many different directions.Dense irregular connective tissue
comprise tendons, ligaments, and other strong attachments where the need for strength along one axis is mandatory (a muscle pulling on a bone).Dense regular connective tissue
 consists predominantly of fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibers.  It allows stretching of certain tissues like the elastic arteries (the aorta).Elastic connective tissue
is a tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly. When injured or inflamed, repair is slow.Cartilage
 is the most abundant type of cartilage; it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.  It provides a smooth surface for joint movement.Hyaline cartilage
 with its thick bundles of collagen fibers, is a very strong, tough cartilage.  Fibrocartilage discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints support the huge loads up and down the long axis of the bodyFibrocartilage
 consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers.  It makes up the malleable part of the external ear and the epiglottis.Elastic cartilage
is a connective tissue with a calcified intracellular matrix. In the right circumstances, the chondrocytes of cartilage are capable of turning into the osteocytes that make up bone tissue.Bone
As we have seen, blood has many cells. It also has fibers (such as fibrin that makes blood clot).Blood and lymph
 Tendons  Ligaments  Attachments between organs  Dermis of the skinDense fibrous connective tissue
 Liver  Lymph nodes  Spleen  Bone marrowReticular connective tissue
 Lung tissue  ArteriesElastic connective tissue
 Packing between glands  Muscles and nerves  Attachment between skin and underlying tissueLoose connective tissue
 Ends of long bones  Joints  Respiratory tubes  Costal cartilage of ribs  Nasal cartilage  Embryonic skeletonHyaline cartilage
 Auditory tube  External ear  EpiglottisElastic cartilage
 Connection between pubic bones  Intervertebral disksFibrocartilage
are the last of the 4 basic tissue types.Muscles and nerve tissues
are considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability, the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentialsNeurons and muscle fibers
can propagate (travel) along the plasma membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber due to the presence of specific voltage-gated ion channelsAction potentials
Type of muscular tissue found in the skeletonSkeletal muscles
Functions in movement, heat, and postureSkeletal muscle
Appears to be striated, multinucleated (eccentric), fibers are parallelSkeletal muscle
Muscular tissue that has voluntary controlSkeletal muscle
This type of muscle can be found in the heartCardiac muscle
Functions in pumping blood continuouslyCardiac muscle
It appears to be striated and it has one central nucleusCardiac muscle
It has involuntary muscle controlCardiac muscle
It is found in the GI Tract, uterus, eye, blood vesselsSmooth muscle
It functions in the peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hairSmooth muscle
It has no striations, one central nucleusSmooth muscle
gather information at dendrites and process it in the dendritic tree and cell bodyNeurons
Then they transmit the information down their axon to the axon terminals.Neurons
Supportive cells of the nervous systemNeuroglia
Nerves outside the brain and the spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System
Satellite Cells and Schwann CellsPeripheral Nervous System
For the brain and the spinal cordCentral Nervous System
- produce myelin for the CNSOligodendrocytes
- macrophage of the nervous system for phagocytosisMicroglia
Looks like starsAstrocytes
Surround neuron cell bodies in gangliaSatellite Cells
Regulate 02, C02, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in gangliaSatellite Cells
 Surround axons in PNS  Are responsible for myelination of peripheral axons  Participate in repair process after injurySchwann Cells
 Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord)  Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluidEpendymal Cells
 Myellnate CNS axons  Provide structural frameworkOligodendrocytes
 Maintain blood-brain barrier  Provide structural support  Regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations  Absorb and recycle neurotransmitters  Form scar tissue after injuryAstrocytes
 Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by  phagocytosisMicroglia
are the simplest organs in the body, constructed of only epithelium and a little bit of connective tissue.Epithelial membranes
line “interior” body surfaces open to the outsideMucous Membranes
Lines some internal surfacesSerous membranes
as a cutaneous membraneSkin
enclose certain joints and are made of connective tissue onlySynovial membranes
is only present in synovial membranes; it can found in the joints of the body.Connective tissue
Most abundant that contains a lot of fluidKnee joints
are another example of simple organsEpithelial glands
Glands that secrete their contents directly into the blood are called ___________endocrine glands
Glands that secrete their contents into a lumen or duct are called ________exocrine glands
secrete substances through ducts to the surface of the skin or into the lumen of a hollow organ.Exocrine glands
Example of exocrine glandsSudoriferous (sweat) glands
is the most common manner of secretion.Merocrine secretion
bud” their secretions off through the plasma membrane, producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen of the gland.Apocrine glands
The end of the cell breaks off by ________, leaving a milky, viscous odorless fluid.decapitation
This type of sweat only develops a strong odor when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface.Apocrine glands
secrete an oily substance called sebum, a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts.Sebaceous glands
coats the surface of hairs and helps keep them from drying and becoming brittle. it also prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft and pliable, and inhibits the growth of some (but not all) bacteria.Sebum
are produced by rupture of the plasma membrane, releasing the entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell (cells are replaced by rapid division of stem cells.)Holocrine secretions
is an example of a holocrine gland, because its secretion (sebum) is released with remnants of dead cells.Sebaceous glands
A convenient way to refer to certain cells when discussing a tissue is __________ or __________Parenchyma or Stroma
consist of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ.Parenchymal cells
are everything else—connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves.Stroma
is interesting. Because organ-specific function usually centers on parenchymal cells (“how’s your heart working?”), histological and physiological descriptions of the tissues of an organ often emphasize parenchyma.Parenchyma
commonly ignored as just boring background tissue. No organ, however, can function without the mechanical and nutritional support provided by the stroma.Stroma
All of these processes create an actively growing connective tissue called _______Granulation tissue