| The study of composition and properties of dental materials and the manner in which they interact with the environment they are placed. | Science of Dental Materials |
| Science of Dental Materials deals with what? | • physical properties
• mechanical properties
• biological properties
• interaction with oral cavity (tissues) |
| Why are we studying DNMATL1? | to gain knowledge to make optimal selection of materials |
| What is the appearance of the materials? | in liquid, powder, and paste form |
| What is the main goal in dentistry? | to maintain or improve the quality of life through replacement or alteration of tooth surfaces |
| temperature variations in the oral environment | 32 degrees to 37 degrees Celsius |
| temperature variations in the oral environment during intake of cold/hot drinks | 0 degrees to 70 degrees Celsius |
| pH of saliva | neutral (7.0) |
| pH of saliva on intake of acidic fruits or alkaline medicaments | pH 2.0-11.0 |
| characteristic of a dental material that is non-toxic, non-irritating, non-allergenic | biocompatible |
| characteristic of a dental material that is strong, resistant to fracture | mechanically stable and durable |
| characteristic of a dental material that does not deteriorate over time | resistant to corrosion |
| characteristic of a dental material that is not changes with a little change in temperature and solvent | dimensionally stable |
| characteristic of a dental material that insulates against thermal/electrical change | minimal conduction |
| characteristic of a dental material that looks like the oral tissue | esthetic |
| characteristic of a dental material that is minimal/reasonable effort and time needed to use | easy to manipulate |
| characteristic of a dental material that retains onto, and seals, tooth structures | adheres to tissue |
| characteristic of a dental material that is not unpleasant to patient | tasteless and odorless |
| characteristic of a dental material that is easily maintained or fixed | cleanable/repairable |
| characteristic of a dental material that is affordable | cost-effective |
| where are dental materials used in? | oral cavity and laboratory |
| to prevent any pathology (disease), cavities, infections | Preventive Dentistry |
| aims to provide resistance to the progression of caries | Preventive Dentistry |
| addition of fluoride to water to reduce tooth decay | Fluoridation |
| application of fluoride in paste form | Fluoride Therapy |
| a pathological condition resulting from an excessive intake of fluorine (usually from drinking water) | Fluorosis |
| repairs or replaces defected tooth structures | Restorative Dental Materials |
| amalgam, composites, compomers, bonding agents, ceramics, liners, cement bases and polymers are what type of dental materials? | Restorative Dental Materials |
| used in the process of fabricating prostheses | Auxillary Dental Materials |
| hard, lustrous, dense, and good conductor of heat and electricity | metals |
| structures that absorb x-rays and appear white on the radiograph | radiopaque |
| combination of two or more metallic elements to give strength and resistance to corrosion | dental alloy |
| precious metal (60% gold, platinum) | high noble |
| 25% noble material | semiprecious |
| base materials (contains nickel, cobalt) ex: amalgam | nonprecious |
| inorganic, non-metallic materials made by man by the heating of raw minerals at high temperature, hard and abrasive, and brittle | dental pocelains |
| long-chain molecules consisting of many repeating units | polymers |
| low melting points, soft and not stiff, and synthetically produced | polymerization |
| hand-powered dental instruments | hand instruments |
| credited with the first acceptable nomenclature and classification of hand instruments | Greene Vardiman Black |
| material harder than stainless steel | carbon steel |
| shiny, loses keen edge during use more quickly | stainless steel |
| it is the part grasped in the operator’s hand | handle |
| perfectly straight, smooth or eight sided, serrated for better gripping or control of the instrument | handle |
| allows for replacement of several working ends e.g. mirrors and condensers | cone-socket handle |
| connect the handle to the working end of the instrument | shank |
| have on or more angles to avoid twisting of instruments | shank |
| working part of the instrument | working end |
| it is connected to the handle by the shank | working end |
| cutting edge | blade |
| working end on non-cutting instruments | nib or face |
| used to view tooth structures that cannot be seen using direct vision | mouth mirror |
| clear image without distortion on a mouth mirror | front surface |
| magnifies the object | concave |
| for diagnosing calculus and caries and exploring of pockets, restorations and furcations | dental explorer |
| no. 23 explorer is also known as? | shepherd's hook |
| no. 17 explorer | cowhorn or pigtail explorers |
| explorer useful for the interproximal areas between teeth | no. 17explorer |
| Tufts 17/23 explorer | Wilken’s Explorer |
| contains both no. 17 and no. 23 on the same instrument; opposite sides of each other | Wilken’s Explorer |
| used to place small objects in the mouth and retrieve small objects from the mouth | dental tweezers |
| for the removal of softened, carious dentin and temporary fillings | excavators |
| for cleaning out and shaping a carious cavity preparatory to filling | excavators |
| digging out failed restorative material | excavators |
| speed of low speed hand instruments | 3,000-6,000 rpm |
| speed of medium speed hand instruments | 20,000-45,000 rpm |
| speed of high speed hand instruments | 45,000-1,000,000 rpm |
| speed of ultra speed hand instruments | above 1,000,000 rpm |
| an economical bur used in cavity preparation and dentin removal | steel bur |
| more flexible, and more resistant to chips and breakage than carbide burs | steel bur |
| used for precise drilling and finishing and for grinding where material removal is not a concern | diamond burs |
| used in tooth preparation in fabricating crowns | diamond burs |
| produce cleaner cuts and a higher polish than carbide burs | diamond burs |
| made of tungsten carbide | carbide burs |
| can maintain a sharp cutting edge and be used many times without becoming dull | carbide burs |
| bur that is brittle and have the tendency to fracture under pressure | carbide burs |
| began the process of “standardization” | Greene Vardiman Black |
| products being developed with specific properties and designed for a definite purpose | standardization |
| covers alloys, composed of mainly silver, tin, and/or copper, used in the preparation of dental amalgam | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 1 – ALLOY FOR DENTAL AMALGAM: 2003 (REAFFIRMED 2013) |
| this standard specifies the requirements and test methods for mercury suitable for the preparation of dental amalgam | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 6 – DENTAL MERCURY: 1987 (REAFFIRMED 2005) |
| covers classification, requirements, and test methods for synthetic polymer and ceramic teeth that are manufactured for use in prostheses used in dentistry | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 15 – ARTIFICIAL TEETH FOR DENTAL PROSTHESES: 2008 (REAFFIRMED 2013) |
| covers elastomeric dental impression materials based (rubber impressions) | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 19 – DENTAL ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS: 2004 (REAFFIRMED 2014) |
| this standard establishes the requirements for burs suitable for use with straight and angle dental handpieces | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 23 (WITH ADDENDUM) – DENTAL AXCAVATING BURS: 1982 (REAFFIRMED 2015) |
| covers gypsum products used for dental purposes such as making oral impressions, molds, casts, dies or model bases, and mounting models | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 25 – DENTAL HYPSUM PRODUCTS: 2000 (REAFFIRMED 2010) |
| this standard applies to diagnostic x-ray equipment used for intraoral radiography | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 26 – DENTAL X-RAY EQUIPMENT: 1991 |
| covers requirements for dental resin-based restorative materials supplied in a form suitable for mechanical mixing, hand mixing, or external energy activation | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 27 – RESIN-BASED FILLING MATERIALS: 1993 |
| specifies requirements for non-eugenol cements containing zinc oxide and aromatic oils suitable for temporary cementation | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 30 – DENTAL ZINC OXIDE – EUGENOL AND ZINC OXIDE – NON-EUGENOL CEMENTS: 2013 |
| this standard specifies requirements and test methods for dental cartridge syringes which are reusable dental syringes | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 34 – DENTAL CARTRIDGE SYRINGES: 2013 |
| covers ceramics suitable for use in the fabrication of metal-ceramic dental restorations | ANSI/ADA SNTANDARD NO. 38 – METAL-CRAMIC DENTAL RESTORATIVE SYSTEMS: 2000 (REAFFIRMED 2015) |
| this standard is for mechanical dental amalgamators used for the mixing of alloy and mercury to make dental amalgam | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 43 – ELECTRICALLY POWERED DENTAL AMALGAMATORS: 1986 (REAFFIRMED 2015) |
| covers reusable and disposable impression trays used for delivering impression materials into the oral cavity for the purpose of making impression (negative copies) of teeth and oral tissues | ANSI/ADA STANDARD NO. 87 – DENTAL IMPRESSION TRAYS: 1995 (REAFFIRMED 2014) |
| are based on the laws of physics that describe mass, energy, force, light, heat, electricity, and other physical phenomena | physical properties |
| is a characteristic of a matter that may be observes and measured without changing the chemical identity of a sample | physical properties |
| the amount of mass of a material in a given volume | density |
| important in retention of the upper denture | density |
| important in weight of complete or partial denture | density |
| the ability of a material to flow | viscosity |
| the resistance of a material to indentation | hardness |
| calculated based on the size of the indentation, the load on the tip, and the shape of the tip | hardness |
| the harder the materials, the more? | abrasion resistance |
| susceptible to being dissolved | solubility |
| adsorption plus absorption | sorption |
| natural process where molecules of a gas or liquid adhere to the surface of a solid | adsorption |
| passage of a substance into the interior of another by solution of penetration | absorption |
| the force of attraction between the molecules/atoms of two different surfaces as they are brought into contact | adhesion |
| force of attraction between molecules/atoms within one material (not on the surface) | cohesion |
| measure of the affinity of a liquid for a solid as indicated by spreading of a drop | wettability |
| a measure of how much it expands per unit length if heated one degree higher | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion |
| the change in length per unit length of the material for a 1 degree Celsius change in temperature | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion |
| the expansion or contraction of a material due to temperature changes | thermal dimensional change |
| the rate of heat flow through a material | Thermal Conductivity |
| a measure of liquid’s tendency to evaporate | Vapor Pressure |
| generation of electrical currents in mouth | Galvanism |
| results from presence of dissimilar metals in mouth | galvanism |
| dissolution of materials in mouth | corrosion |
| surface reaction of materials to components in saliva or food | tarnish |
| the ability of a material to conduct the electrical current | Electrical Conductivity |
| it is important to consider during electrosurgery or electric pulp testing | Electrical Conductivity |
| a color space that specifies colors based on three properties of color: hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity) | Munsell Color System |
| three properties of color | hue, value (lightness), and chroma (color purity) |
| color purity | chroma |
| value of color pertains to? | lightness of color |
| a property of a material that allows the passage of light in such a manner that little distortion takes place so that objects can be clearly seen through them | transparency |
| a property of the material which allows the passage of some light and scatters or reflects the rest. in such manner, the object cannot be seen clearly through them | translucency |
| a property of the material that prevents the passage of light. opaque material absorbs all of the light | opacity |
| color that means materials absorb all light colors | black |
| color that means materials reflect all light colors | white |
| color that means materials absorb all light colors but reflect its color | blue |
| reflections on a smooth surface give a glossy appearance to the surface | specular reflection |
| It is the change of the direction of a beam of light on entering second medium | refraction |
| refers to the physical properties of a material when it is deformed by elastic or inelastic behavior when mechanical forces are used | mechanical properties |
| load applied to an object | force |
| force that pulls an object apart | tensile |
| force that squeeze an object together | compression |
| force that slides the top of the object over the bottom | shear |
| Intraoral Biting Forces - greatest in the molar area | 580Newtons (132 lbs) |
| Intraoral Biting Forces - premolar | 310Newtons (70.5 lbs) |
| Intraoral Biting Forces - partial and complete dentures | 111Newtons (25 lbs) |
| the deformation or change in dimension an object under stress experiences | strain |
| completely reversible. disappears when force is removed | elastic strain |
| permanent deformation of the material that never recovers after force is removed | plastic strain |
| amount of deformation that material can withstand | percent of elongation |
| amount of deformation before rupture when material is under compressive stress | percent of compression |
| energy required to deform a material permanently | resilience |
| energy necessary to fracture material | toughness |
| used for materials in which the strain is dependent on the time the load is maintained | strain-time curves |
| it can be time dependent and recoverable or time dependent and not recoverable | strain-time curves |
| those that occur at high rates of loading, such as from an impact | dynamic properties |
| every force you apply to an object or material | stress |
| type of stress that forces towards to object | compression |
| type of stress that forces are going opposite ways | tension |
| twisting type of stress | torsion |
| sliding forces type of stress | shear |
| when force is removed, the material will come back to its original state | elastic phase |
| when the force is removed, the material will not come back to its original state | plastic phase |
| point where elastic phase becomes plastic phase | elastic limit |
| when the material breaks | ultimate strength |
| capacity of the material to absorb energy and does not deform | resilience |
| the power or ability to return to the original form, position, etc. after being bent, compressed, or stretched; elasticity | resilience |
| small changes in the shape of material with constant pressure | creep |
| small changes in the shape the object but the force decreases overtime | stress relaxation |
| capable of being bent, usually without breaking; easily bent | flexibility |
| the state of being capable of being shaped, as by hammering or pressing | malleability |
| ability of material to withstand permanent deformation under a tensile load without rupture | ductability |
| relative inability of material to deform plastically before it fractures | brittleness |
| structure subjected to repeated or cyclic stresses can produce abrupt failure of the structure | fatigue |
