| flattened sacs (cisternae) and small membrane-enclosed vesicles | golgi apparatus |
| The smallest particle of a substance that can exist by itself. the basic unit of an element | Atom |
| pure substance containing 1 kind of atom | element |
| 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio | compound |
| 2 of more atoms bonded together representing the smallest fundamental unit | molecule |
| what are atoms composed of? | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| the number of protons gives the | atomic number |
| the number of protons + neutrons + electrons | atomic mass |
| what is atoms with different number of neutrons? | isotopes |
| what determines how atoms will interact? | electrons |
| locations of electrons in an atom are described by | orbitals |
| orbital occurs in a series called | electron shells or energy levels |
| the atom is stable if the outermost shell is | full |
| reactive atoms have _________ electrons in thier outermost shell | unpaired |
| what holds the atoms of a molecule together? | covalent bond |
| why do molecules form? | because they can share, lose or gain electrons resulting in atoms bonded together |
| what is the attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules? | chemical bond |
| what is covalent bond? | atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| what is an ionic bond? | when one atom is more electronegative than the other then a complete transfer of electrons occurs; electrical attrition of (+) and (-) |
| what is ion | electrically charged particles when atoms lose or gain electrons |
| cations | positive; when ions lost an electron |
| anion | negative; when ions gain an electron |
| what is hydrogen bond? | attraction between the partial (-) of one molecule and the partial (+) of hydrogen end of another molecule |
| what is can der waals forces? | attractions between nonpolar molecules that are close together |
| list these from the weakest to strongest: van der waals, hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bond | van der waals, hydrogen, ionic and covalent bond |
| Isotopes differ in the number of | mass and atomic number |
| What is a polar covalent bond? | when one electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than to the other because one atom is more electronegative |
| is sharing of electrons in a covalent bond always equal? | no |
| what is the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons | electronegativity |
| what are the major classes of molecules in living organisms | protein, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acid |
| Polymer: Protein , what is the monomer | combinations of 20 amino acids |
| Polymer: Carbohydrates, what is the monomer | sugar monomers (monosaccharides) |
| Polymer: nucleic acids, what is the monomer? | 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers |
| Polymer: lipids, what is the monomer? | non-covalent forces maintain interactions between lipid monomers |
| functions of proteins include: | antibodies, storage proteins, structural proteins, transport proteins |
| the terminal- SH group of cysteine can react with another cysteine side chain to form a | disulfide bridge |
| amino acids bond together covalently in a condensation reaction by | peptide linkages |
| what is the primary structure of a protein and what bond | is the sequence of amino acids and covalent |
| what is the secondary structure of protein and what bond | alpha helix + beta pleated sheet and hydrogen bond |
| what is the alpha helix in secondary structure? | right handed coil resulting from hydrogen bonding between N-H groups on one amino acid and C=O groups on another |
| What is the beta pleated sheet in secondar structure? | two or more polypeptide chains are aligned; hydrogen form between the chains |
| what is the tertiary structure of protein and its bond? | folding results in a macromolecule with specific 3-D shape + determined by interactions of R-groups and disulfide bridge (covalent bond), hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals, and ionic bond |
| what is the quaternary structure of proteins and what bond? | results from the interaction of subunits and hydrophobic, van der waals, ionic and hydrogen bond |
| what results in sickle-cell disease? | from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin, a blood disorder; a change in primary structure |
| macromolecules are polymers built form | monomers |
| what is the general formula for carbohydrates? | Cn(H2O)n |
| What is carbohydrates known for? | source and transport of stored energy |
| one simple sugar is call | monosaccharide |
| two simple sugars linked by covalent bond is call | disaacharide |
| three to 20 monosaccharides is call | oligosaccharide |
| hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides are call | polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and cellulose |
| all cells use ________ as an energy source | glucose |
| monosaccharides bind together to form disaccharides in _____ reactions to form ________ linkages | dehydration and glycosidic |
| what include other functional groups? | Oligosaccharides |
| storage of glucose in plants | starch |
| storage of glucose in animals | glycogen |
| very stable, good for structural components but not storage | cellulose |
| Cellulose if linear (T/F) | T |
| Starch is Branched (T/F) | T |
| Glycogen is highly branched (T/F) | T |
| What is nonpolar hydrocarbons call | lipids |
| what does lipid consist of ? | fats, oils, phospholipids, and sterols |
| fats and oils store | energy |
| structural role in cell membranes | phospholipids |
| capture light energy in plants | carotenoids and chlorophylls |
| fats and oils are composed of ________ and ________ called | fatty acids and glycerols call triglycerides |
| 3-OH group (an alcohol) | glycerol |
| nonpolar hydrocarbon with a polar carboxyl group | fatty acid |
| carboxyl bond with hydroxyls of glycerol in an | ester linkage |
| saturated fatty acids | no double bonds between carbons, saturated with H atoms |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | some double bonds in carbon chain; kinks |
| which is solid at room temperature? | saturated |
| what is the process called of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen | hydrogenation |
| what results in vegetable oils that are unsaturated fats with trans double bonds? | partial hydrogenation |
| fatty acids are _______ they have ________ chemical properties with hydrophilic one side and hydrophobic on the other end | amphipathic, opposing |
| 2 fatty acids bound to glycerol | phospholipids |
| why are cells so small? | surface-to-volume ratio |
| the bigger a cell is, the less _________ | surface area |
| what are the three domains? | bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota |
| what is the two types of cells? | prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| bacteria and archaea are | prokaryotic |
| the DNA is in a membrane-enclosed compartment called the | nucleus |
| basic features of ALL cells (both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) are | plasma cell membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), chromosome, and ribosomes |
| Prokaryotic cell differ from eukaryotes by | having no nucleus, have DNA in an unbound region call nucleoid, no organelles |
| eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotes by | having DNA in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Where are ribosomes found? | rough ER and free floating cytoplasm |
| where are ribosomes made? | nucleolus |
| the shape of the nucleus is maintained b the | nuclear lamina (composed of proteins) |
| DNA is organized into discrete units called | chromosomes |
| the DNA and proteins chromosomes are together called | chromatin |
| what does the cytoskeleton do? | maintains cell shape in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and made of protein |
| what are the three components of cytoskeleton? | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| microfilaments are | muscle contraction, cell division and maintaining cell shape; made from protein actin |
| intermediate filaments are | tough protein anchoring cell structures in place like nucleus, ; forms nuclear lamina |
| microtublues are | framework for motor proteins, form rigid internal skeleton, made from protein tubulin; flagella + cilia |
| undergoes reversible shape changes powered by ATP hydrolysis | motor proteins |
| the motor protein _____ binds to a vesicle and walks it along by changing shape | kinesin |
| which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers? | nucleus |
| network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm; has large surface area | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| flattened sacs (cisternae) and small membrane-enclosed vesicles | golgi apparatus |
| which region receives vesicles from the ER? | cis region |
| which region does vesicles bud off from the golgi apparatus? | trans region |
| an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells) | lysosome |
| some types of cells can engulf another cell by | phagocytosis |
| enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids would be located in what part of the cell? | endoplasmic reticulum; smooth ER |
| this theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts and other plastids arose when one cell engulfed another cell | endosymbiosis theory |
| energy in fuel molecules is transformed to the bonds of energy-rich ATP | mitochondria |
| mitochondria have ________ membranes | two |
| in mitochondria, the inner membrane folds inward to form _________ | cristae |
| the cristae of mitochondria create a large surface area for proteins involved in ________reactions | cellular respiration |
| site of photosynthesis-- light energy is converted to the energy of chemical bonds | chloroplasts |
| how many membrane does chloroplasts have | double membrane |
| stacks of thylakoids | grana |
| contain chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy for photosynthesis | thylakoids |
| fluid in which grana are suspended, contains DNA and ribosomes | stroma |
| plants and protist cells have _____, store waste products and toxic compound, provide structural support | vacuoles |
| peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is | used in their detoxification reactions |
| what is the byproduct of peroxisomes? | hydrogen peroxide |
| what does peroxisomes oxidize? | fatty acids and amino acids |
| which cellular structure is common to all 3 domains of life? | phospholipid bilayer cell membrane |
