| first action | change personal habitats that degrade the environment |
| first action | change personal habitats that degrade the environment |
| environmental science | the study of the structures and process of the natural world and the human impact on them |
| ecology | the study of the complex relationships between organisms and their physical environment |
| John Muir | Was known as the father of the parks. He was a naturalist devoted to protecting USA land from human development |
| rachel carson | aquatic biologist who wrote the book silent spring which led to the US ban on the use of DDT |
| facts | observations that have been repeatedly confirmed |
| theories | explanation of an aspect of the natural world that is supported by facts, theories, and inferences |
| melvin calvin | discovered how photosynthesis works |
| tuskegee experiment | a clinical test on a group of African American men who were given placebo treatment for syphilis and their symptoms were recorded |
| ethics | the study and practice of human actions that contribute to the well-being of humans, societies, and the natural world |
| environmental ethics | study and practice of human actions that impact the environment and contribute to the well being of humans, societies, and the natural world |
| three ethical foundations | intrinsic value, instrumental value, and value of environmental stability |
| moral principles | the rules we ought to follow |
| moral goals | the aims that we are worthy to achieve |
| first action | change personal habitats that degrade the environment |
| overview effect | typically with astronauts, the awe of seeing creation at one time |
| six of moral principles | care for creation, human dignity and rights, common good, universal destination of goods, preferential option for the poor, subsidiarity |
| seven moral goals | protect and preserve biological diversity, respect natural resources, support sustainable and renewable energy, conserve and protect water, make healthy food and sustainable food, encourage authentic and integral development |
| five actions | change personal habits that degrade the environment, discover, research, and respond to local problems, participate in already existing local efforts, research and support public policies, and participate in social movements |
| five environmental challenges | declining biodiversity, natural resource extraction, transition to renewable energy sources, water quality and quantity, industrial food system, global climate change |
| pantheism | the universe is a manifestation of God |
| paganism | the divine is within nature |
| theism | the divine is beyond nature |
| Christian environmental stewardship | We can not love God while destroying His creation |
| cultural mandate | be fruitful and multiply and have dominion over living creatures |
| platonic view | there are such a thing as abstract objects |
| lynn white | nature has no value apart from what it provides us, and thus we are free to exploit it without consequence. |
| st francis | patron saint of animals and the environment and all creatures are brothers and sisters of God |
| William Paley | watch maker argument, design is evident in nature and points to a creature |
| Charles Darwin | evolution occurs through natural selection |
| biomass | total mass of all living organisms in an area |
| carrying capacity | max population size an area can support |
| three trophic levels | primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer |
| green revolution | rapid period of agricultural industrialization in the 50s |
| Borlaug Hypothesis | increasing crop yields will improve global food security and minimize deforestation |
| monoculture | growing one commodity on a large area of land |
| polyculture | growing several commodities on a large are of land |
| terrestrial food webs | fertile soil, abundant rainfall, and warm year round and supports five trophic levels |
| marine food webs | warm, shallow waters that are typically coral reefs |
| percentage of energy lost from each trophic level | 90% |
| CAFO | concentrated animal feeding operation |
| ways to reduce agricultural impacts | minimize inputs, soil management, water management, and diversified planting |
| sustainable agriculture | minimizes external inputs and decreases negative environmental impacts |
| keystone species | critical for maintaining ecosystems |
| microevolution | change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time |
| macroevolution | large scale changes that result in the extinction and formation of new species |
| four requirements for natural selection | over production, genetic variation, struggle to survive, and differential reproduction |
| endemic species | species found in only one area of the world |
| biodiversity | the variety of life in a particular location and time |
| biogeography | study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals |
| four terrestrial biomes | forests, deserts, grasslands, tundras |
| forest biomes | tropical, temperate, and boreal |
| desert biomes | less than 50 cm of rainfall |
| grasslands | perennial grasses and non-woody forbes |
| tundra | coldest biome |
| permafrost | soil that is frozen year round |
| four reasons species go extinct | habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, over exploitation, and climate change |
